PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Balantidium coli

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
Balantidium coli

1. Human Parasitology
Medical
Helminthology
Medical
Protozoology
Medical
Arthropodology
•PhylumNematoda
•Phylum Trematoda
•Phylum Cestoda
•Phylum Metacanthocephala
•Phylum Lobosea
•Phylum Zoomastigophorea
•Phylum Ciliophora
•Phylum Sporozoa
•Phylum Insecta
•Phylum Arachnida
•Phylum Crustacea
•Phylum Chilopoda

2. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
Balantidiumcoli
Dr. SouzanH. Eassa,
Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine,
University Of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

3. Medical Protozoology
1.PhylumLobosea
2.PhylumZoomastigophorea
3.PhylumCiliophora
4.PhylumSporozoa

4. Ciliophora
Balantidium coli

5. Most ciliates are free-living; however, a few groups are
commensal or parasitic.
These organisms characterized by having numerous cilia, which
are present both in the trophozoiteand encystedstage.
Multiplication is by transverse binary fission,
meandivisionstartsfromthe central regionof thecell.
Most species have 2 kinds of nuclei: macronuclei and
micronuclei.
Several species are pathogenic to animals, but only one,
Balantidiumcoli, occasionally establishes infection in humans.
Phylum Ciliophora

6. Swine (pigs) are reservoir
host.
Causes disease
calledBalantidiasis (Ciliary
dysentery).
Mode of transmission:
•By feco-oral route.
•Contaminated water is
the most common
mechanism of
transmission.
Balantidiumcoli

7. Habitat and location:
Balantidium colilives in the
cecum and colon (large
intestine) of humans, pigs, rats
and other mammals.
Balantidium coli

8. Balantidiumcoli
This organism has two stages,
trophozoite and cyst.
Trophozoite, is the largest of the
protozoaparasitizing human
(300 um), it is shape like a sac,
balantidium means little bag.
It is ovoidal, greenish-gray in
color.
It is covered with short cilia
which are constantly in motion
during life.
Cytopyge
cytostome
cilia
The anterior end is conical and the posterior end broadly
rounded.

9. To one side of the anterior tip there is
a funnel-shaped peristome, which
leads into the cytostome.
A minute cytopyge is situated at the
opposite end.
One or two contractile vacuoles are
found within the cytoplasm.
There is an elongated kidney-shaped
macronucleus (larger and less dense)
and lying within the concave side of
the macronucleus a minute
micronucleus (small and dense ).
Balantidiumcoli
Cytopyge
Micronucleus
Contractile Vacuole
Macronucleus
cytostome
cilia

10. Cyst wall
Micronucleus
Macronucleus
Balantidiumcoli
Cyst
Cystsare the parasite stage
responsible for transmission
of balantidiasis.
Spherical and about 50µ in
diameter, it is the transfer
stage on encystation, the
cilia retractedinside the cyst
wall.

11. Trophozoite

13. Cyst

14. Reproduction
Both asexual and sexual reproduction present.
Asexual by binary fission.
Sexual by conjugation.

15. Life cycle

16. Symptoms of balantidiasis are
similar to those seen in
entamebiasis. liver, lung and brain
abscesses are notfound.
Ulceration of the gut wall.
Dysentery or profuse diarrhea.
The resultant erosion of the
intestinal mucosa produces
varying degrees of irritation and
injury, leading to nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, and
abdominal colic.
Clinical Signs

17. Detection the cyst in stool,
Cysts-formed stools.
Active trophzoites-diarrheic
stools.
Sigmoidoscopy, trophozoite can
also be detected in tissue. In order
to collect a tissue specimen from
the large intestine.
Serological tests such as enzyme
immunoassay and fluorescent-
antibody monoclonal antigen
detection systems (e.g. ELISA
tests.
Molecular test (PCR).
Diagnosis

18. Treatment and Control
Balantidiumcoli infection can be
treated effectively with antibiotics.
Three drugs are commonly used
and administered orally. They are
listed below in order of
recommendation.
1.Tetracyclines.
2.Metronidazole.
3.Iodoquinol.

19. Treatment and Control
Eradication of fecal contamination of food and
water.
Cysts killed by boiling, they are resistant to low
doses chlorine (halide tablets)
Improved sanitation in institutions.