PHYSICS PROJECT pdf.pdf

Best project of world

1. PHYSICS
INVESTEGTORY
PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY :
ARPAN ABINASWAR
XII-C ROLL No. -10
2022-23
L.R D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL
GANDARPUR , CUTTACK-753003

2. INDEX/CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEGMENT
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
ABOUT THE TOPIC
WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO
DERIVATION OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
ENERGY LOSS IN TRANSFORMER
EXPERIMENT
ADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMER
USES OF TRANSFORMER
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude
to my teacher Mr.ShambhunathMishra who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this Wonderful project
and also providing their guidance in completing this
project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to our
respective Principal Sir Mr. NiranjanSwain for helping
us in providing different resources /materials required
for the project.

4. CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
This is to certify that the Project Report title ‘to investigate the relationship between
the outer and inner voltage and the number of turns of the secondary and primary
coil of the transformer’ is a bonafidework brought into completion by
ARPAN ABINASWAR of class XII-C of L.R D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL , GANDARPUR ,
CUTTACK .
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TEACHER GUIDE
{ NAME & SIGNATURE }
DATE :
PLACE :

5. ABOUT THE TOPIC
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ThefollowingprojectmainlyspeaksaboutthedeviceTransformer.
ATransformerismainlyadevicewhichtransferselectricenergyfrom
onealternating-currentcircuittooneormoreothercircuitseitherby
increasing(steppingup)orbydecreasing(steppingdown)thevoltage.
POINTS TO BE HIGHLIGHTED IN THIS PROJECT:
i.TypesofTransformers.
ii.WorkingofaTransformer.
iii.Toinvestigatetherelationbetweentheinputvoltageandoutput
voltageandthenumberofturnsinthesecondaryandprimarycoil
ofaselfdesignedTransformer.
iv.AdvantagesandUsesofTransformers.

6. WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER
The transformer mainly works on the principle of Faraday‘s law
of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.
There are usually two coils Primary coil and Secondary coil on
the transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the
form of strips. The two coils have high mutual inductance.
When an alternating-current passes through the primary coil it
creates a varying magnetic flux. As per faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction , this change in magnetic flux
induces an emfin the secondary coil which is linked to the core
having a primary coil . Thus is mutual induction.
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The Transformer carries the below operations :
I)Transfer of electrical energy from circuit to
another.
II)Transfer of electrical power through
electromagnetic induction.
III)Electric power transfer without any change in
frequency.
IV) Two circuits are linked with mutual induction.

8. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO
The transformation ratio is defined as the ratio of output
voltage to the input voltage of the transformer. It gives the
information about the change in voltage level by the
transformer.
It is denoted by :
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns = k
Where, Vp=voltage on the primary side
Vs=voltage on the secondary side
Np=number of turns in the primary winding
Ns=number of turns in the secondary winding
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10. DERIVATION OF VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMATION RATIO
Turn Ratio:
Theturnsratio,ortheturns-to-turnsratio,istheratioofthenumberofturnsinthe
primarytothenumberofturnsinthesecondary.Theturnsratioisexpressedwithtwo
numbers,like2:1or2to1.
Thefirstnumberrepresentstheprimary'srelativenumberofturns,whilethesecond
numberrepresentsthesecondary'srelativenumberofturns.Theturnsratioofa
transformeriscalculatedbyapplyingthefollowingformula:
Np/Ns
Where,Np=numberofturnsintheprimarywinding
Ns=numberofturnsinthesecondarywinding
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EMF Equation Of The Transformer :
Let , N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm= Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bmx A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)
As,showninthefig.,thefluxrisessinusoidallytoitsmaximumvalue
Φmfrom0.Itreachestothemaximumvalueinonequarterofthe
cyclei.einT/4sec(where,Tistimeperiodofthesinwaveofthe
supply=1/f).
Therefore,
averagerateofchangeofflux=Φm/(T/4)=Φm/(1/4f)
Therefore,
averagerateofchangeofflux=4fΦm .......(Wb/s).
Now,
Inducedemfperturn=rateofchangeoffluxperturn

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Therefore, average emfper turn = 4f Φm..........(Volts).
Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value
Therefore, RMS value of emfper turn = Form factor X average emfper turn.
As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11
Therefore, RMS value of emfper turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm= 4.44f Φm.
RMS value of induced emfin whole primary winding (E1) = RMS value of emfper turn X Number of turns
in primary winding
E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq1
Similarly, RMS induced emfin secondary winding (E2) can be given as
E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq2
from the above equations 1 and 2,
This is called the emfequation of transformer, which shows, emf/ number of turns is same for both
primary and secondary winding.
For an ideal transformer on no load, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 .
where, V1 = supply voltage of primary winding
V2 = terminal voltage of secondary winding

13. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
Onthebasisofvoltagelevelstherearetwotypesoftransfotmers:
i)StepUpTransformerii)StepDownTransformer.
Step-uptransformersareusedbetweenthepowergeneratorandthe
powergrid.
Step-downtransformersareusedtoconverthighvoltageprimary
supplytolowvoltagesecondarysupply.
Transformerscanfurtherbeclassifiedonthebasisofmediumofcore,
windingarrangement,installlocations.
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i) STEP-UP TRANSFORMER :
Es<EsoK<1,henceNs<Np
IfIp=valueofprimarycurrentatthesameinstant
AndIs=valueofsecondarycurrentatthisinstant,then
Inputpowerattheinstant=EpIpandOutputpoweratthesameinstant=EsIs
Iftherearenolossesofpowerinthetransformer,thenInputpower=outputpowerOrEpIp=EsIs
OrEs/Ep=Ip/Is=K
Es>EsoK>1,henceNs>Np
As,k>1,soIp>IsorIs<Ip
i.e.currentinsecondaryisweakerwhensecondaryvoltageishigher.
Hence,whateverwegaininvoltage,weloseincurrentinthesameratio.
Similarlyitcanbeshown,thatinastepdowntransformer,whateverweloseinvoltage,wegainin
currentinthesameratio.Thusastepuptransformerinrealitystepsdownthecurrent&astepdown
transformerstepsupthecurrent.
ii) STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER :

15. ENERGY LOSS IN TRANSFORMEER :
Followingarethemajorsourcesofenergylossinatransformer:
1.Copperlossistheenergylossintheformofheatinthecoppercoilsofa
transformer.Thisisduetojouleheatingofconductingwires.
2.Ironlossistheenergylossintheformofheatintheironcoreofthe
transformer.Thisisduetoformationofeddycurrentsinironcore.Itis
minimizedbytakinglaminatedcores.
3.Leakageofmagneticflux-occursinspiteofbestinsulations.Therefore,rate
ofchangeofmagneticfluxlinkedwitheachturnofS1S2islessthantherate
ofchangeofmagneticfluxlinkedwitheachturnofP1P2.
4.Hysteresisloss-isthelossofenergyduetorepeatedmagnetizationand
demagnetizationoftheironcorewhenA.C.isfedtoit.
5.Magnetostriation-i.e.hummingnoiseofatransformer.
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APPARATUS REQUIRED : IRON ROD , AMMETER , VOLTMETER , COPPERWIRE .
EXPERIMENT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PROCEDURE:
1.Takethickironrodandcoveritwithathickpaperandwindalargenumberofturnsofthin
Cuwireonthickpaper(say60).Thisconstitutesprimarycoilofthetransformer.
2.Covertheprimarycoilwithasheetofpaperandwoundrelativelysmallernumberofturns
(say20)ofthickcopperwireonit.Thisconstitutesthesecondarycoil.Itisastepdown
transformer.
3.Connectp1,p2toA.CmainandmeasuretheinputvoltageandcurrentusingA.Cvoltmeter
andammeterrespectively.
4.Similarly,measuretheoutputvoltageandcurrentthroughs1&s2.
5.Nowconnects1ands2toA.Cmainandagainmeasurevoltageandcurrentthroughprimary
andsecondarycoilofstepuptransformer.
6.Repeatallstepsforotherselfmadetransformersbychangingnumberofturnsinprimary
andsecondarycoil.

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SOURCES OF ERROR : 1.Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
CONCLUSION : 1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
Secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the
Input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input Voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.
PRECAUTION : 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
remain constant.

18. ADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMERS
It‘s foremost advantage is controlling and
stabilizing the voltage transmission.
It doesn’t require any starting time.
It is highly efficient with less capital investment
and low maintenance.
They provide isolation to the ground.
There are no moving parts in Transformers.
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19. USES OF TRANSFORMERS IN DAILY LIFE
Steel Manufacturing.
Alternating current regulation.
Charging batteries.
Electrolysis.
Audio Transformer.
Stabilizers.
Rectifiers.
Ammeters or current transformers.
Impedance matching., etc.
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20. Conclusion
Theoutputvoltagetransformeracrossthesecondary
coildependsupontheratio(Ns/Np)withrespecttothe
inputvoltage.
Theoutputvoltageofthetransformeracrossthe
secondarycoildependsupontheratio(Ns/Np)with
respecttotheinputvoltage.
Thereisalossofpowerbetweeninputandoutputcoil
ofatransformer.
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21. BIBLIOGRAPHY :
The following sources are taken
fromhttps://energyeducation.cam
Besides to these the images are taken from
canstockphoto.com & Dreamstime.com.
Supportive materials are also taken from
GOOGLE, YOUTUBE.,etc.
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