Physiological and Biological Lecture. Biological A P P R O A C H T O P S Y C H O L O G Y

Credits to Sir Gerald Licuanan

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL/ BIOLOGICAL PSYHCOLOGY BIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. CHAPTER 1 Biological Approach to Psychology ( The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivated Behavior) The Nervous System and Related Systems (Endocrine and Sensory)

3. HISTORY PHYSIOLOGICAL / BIOLOGICAL psychology is a specialized discipline gained its importnce during 18 th and 19 th century RENE DESCARTES is propounded the physical model for explaining the behavior of animals and humans FOR DESCARTES , pineal gland which exists in the brain of many organism is th point of connection between body and brain

4. 18 TH AND 19 TH CENTURIES WILLIAM JAMES his works “the principle of psychology” , 1890, tried to highlights that study of psychology should be aligned with an understanding of the biological parameters KNIGHT DUNLAP - first coined the term “psychobiology” in his work “an outline of psychobiology” the philosophers were engaged in understanding the relationship between the physical and mental worlds

5. 18 TH AND 19 TH CENTURIES ever since, the reserachers have contributed some important research findings which explains the function of human brain and unveiled crucial findings on neurons, functioning of the nervous system and neuro-transmitters in 1914.

6. The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivated Behavior “Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive.” Petri (1996) defined Motivation as the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

7. There are three basic types of motivation  1.PHYSIOLOGICAL/ PRIMARY/ BASIC MOTIVATION 2.PSYCHOLOGICAL/ SECONDARY/ DRIVE MOTIVATION 3. SOCIAL MOTIVATION

8. 1.Physiological/ Primary/ Basic Motivation It involve our need for self preservation. This includes needs such as hunger & thirst, sex, warmth, avoidance of pain. It influence a person’s behavior at a very basic level. Universal Largely unlearned or innate

9. 2.Psychological/ Secondary/ Drive  Motivation These are “learned” motivation, this type of “drives” differs from one person to another. These are conscious ones. Security, Autonomy, Affiliation, Achievement, Dependence.

10. 3. Social Motivation It is intermediate and interrelated category between above two. Status, Recognition

11. MECHANISM OF MOTIVATION BEHAVIOR

12. METHODS: RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL TO PSYCHOLOGY THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE is relevant to psychology through 3 area’s of investigation: Comparative method: Physiology : Inheritance:

13. THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE by studying animal species, their behavior under similar stimuli can be compared to human data enhancing the understanding of human behaviors COMPARATIVE METHOD

14. THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and or function can affect behavior PHYSIOLOGY

15. THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE what animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance(genetics) INHERITANCE

16. Theories leading to biological perspective Four main theories which contributed to the development of biological perspective of psychology Dualism Materialism Heredity Natural selection

17. FOUR MAIN THEORIES 1. Dualism: a theory developed by Rene Descartes, he determined that although the body and mind are separate, they do interaction through the brains pineal glands. This theory has been disregarded by many psychologist 2. Materialism: this theory assumes a physical aspect to all behavior. It is based on animal and human genetics, studies suggesting genes evolved over long periods of time .

18. FOUR MAIN THEORIES 3. HEREDITY : this theory assumes that behavioral traits results from the passing on of characteristics through gene transfer from one generation to the next. 4. NATURAL SELECTION : this theory was developed by Charles Darwin who proposed the idea that random variations in organism led to better reproductive success ensuring the passing on the these traits to subsequent generations

19. Psychology as a biopsychology The biological perspective is essentially a way of looking at human problems and actions The study of physiology and biological process has played a significant role in psychology since it earliest beginnings. Charles Darwin first introduces the idea that evolution and genetics play role in human behavior Natural selection influences whether certain behavior patterns are passed down to future generations

20. Biological perspective Biological perspective by mcdougall Explained biological functions as the basis of behavior The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling and behavior ultimately have a biological cause

21. Major areas of biological perspective GENETICS IMMUNE SYSTEM HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM (BRIAN) NEURO-TRANSMITTERS GLANDS

22. 1. GENETICS Branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in organism Biological perspective study how genes affect behavior

23. Behavior and genetics Bio-psychologist study many of the same things that other psychologist do, but they are interested in looking at how forces shape human behaviors Analyzing how trauma to the brain influences behaviors Assessing the difference and similarities in twins to determine which characteristics are tied to genetics and which are linked to environmental influences Studying how genetics and brains damage are linked to mental disorders

24. Nature vs nurture

25. Nature vs nurture

26. 2.THE IMMUNE SYSTEM The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection The organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and toxins Organs include the thymus, bone marrow and lymph nodes The immune system keeps a record of every germ (microbe) it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again .

27. 3.HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM Human is the most complex creator of this universe so all of his systems are well developed, advance and complex Thus, the nervous system is most complex, advance and efficient

28. 4. NEUROTRANSMITTER Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body can't function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cells. Neuron or nerve cell is the structural and functional of nervous system Specialized cells for the conduction of nerve impulse

29. 4. NEUROTRANSMITTER A neuron has 3 parts: Cellbody – consists of cytoplasm and nucleus a prominent nucleolus - contains golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes Dendrites – one or morer short processes called dendrons which conduct impulses towards the cell body Axon – it is a single long fiber, arises from the cell body It carries messages away from the cell body

30. Structure of neurons

31. Types of neurons SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURON – it carries messages from a sense organ to central nervous system MOTOR OR EFFERENT NEURON – it takes messages from cns to an effect or (muscle or gland) ASSOCIATIVE OR INTERNEURON – it takes impulse from sensory neuron and pass it to motor neuron

32. NERVOUS SYSTEM  includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves. This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body. The brain is what controls all the body's functions.

33. PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN Biological psychologist explain behaviors in neurological terms, i.e., the physiological and structure of the brain and how this influences behavior. Many biological psychologist have concentrated on abnormal behavior and have tried o explain it. Example: biological psychologist believe that schizophrenia is affected by levels of dopamine ( a neurotransmitter )

34. MENTAL ILLNESS Theses findings have helped psychiatry take off and help relieve the symptoms of mental illness through drugs. However Freud and other disciplines would argue that this just treats the symptoms and not the cause. This is where health psychologist take the findings that biological psychologist produce and look at the environmental factors that are involved to get a better picture

35. BRAIN Weight: about 3 pounds Located in cranial cavity of skull Contains of billions of cells that integrate information from inside and outside the body, coordinate the body’s actions and enable human beings for various functions Division of the brain: Forebrain Midbrain hindbrain

36. FOREBRAIN The forebrain is the largest and most complex region of the brain, consist of following structures: A. thalamus – sensory information (except smell) B. hypothalamus – basic biological needs C. limbic system, amygdala (emotions) and hippocampus (memory) D. cerebrum – learning, memory, thinking, judgement, decision-making and sensory information

37. MIDBRAIN Lies between hindbrain and forebrain Processing of visual and auditory information Breathing, pain, perception, regulation of sleep and arousal

38. HINDBRAIN Pons – bridge for conduction of impulses between cerebellum, medulla oblongata and cerebrum Regulate the rate of breathing Sleep and wake cycle Cerebellum – little brain Coordination of movements Balance and stability of body Learning new and motor tasks If destroyed, movements will be jerky and disturbed Medulla oblongata –attaches to the spinal cord Controls unconscious but vital functions such as circulating of blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, sneezing, coughing and salivating

39. NERVOUS SYSTEM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) made up of the brain and spinal cord. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

40. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Lies in the midline of body Consists of about 10 to 100 billion neurons Concerned with judgment, thinking, memory, emotions Cns consist of: A. brain B. spinal cord

41. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The peripheral nervous system is made up of thick bundles of axons, called nerves, carrying messages back and forth between the CNS and the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body (i.e., everything outside the CNS). The PNS has two major subdivisions: the somatic nervous system the autonomic nervous system.

42. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The  somatic nervous system  is associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary . It is involved in the relay of sensory and motor information to and from the CNS ; therefore, it consists of motor neurons and sensory neurons . Motor neurons , carrying instructions from the CNS to the muscles, are efferent fibers (efferent means “moving away from ”). Sensory neurons, carrying sensory information to the CNS, are afferent fibers (afferent means “moving toward”). Each nerve is basically a two-way superhighway, containing thousands of axons, both efferent and afferent.

43. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The   autonomic nervous system  controls our internal organs and glands and is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control. It can be further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The   sympathetic nervous system  is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities; the   parasympathetic nervous system  is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations. The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the body’s homeostasis.  Homeostasis  is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

44. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The  sympathetic nervous system  is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities; The sympathetic nervous system is activated when we are faced with stressful or high-arousal situations. The activity of this system was adaptive for our ancestors, increasing their chances of survival. Imagine , for example, that one of our early ancestors, out hunting small game, suddenly disturbs a large bear with her cubs. At that moment, his body undergoes a series of changes—a direct function of sympathetic activation—preparing him to face the threat. His pupils dilate, his heart rate and blood pressure increase, his bladder relaxes, his liver releases glucose, and adrenaline surges into his bloodstream. This constellation of physiological changes, known as the  fight or flight response , allows the body access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that it might fight off a threat or run away to safety.

45. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM the  PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM  is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations. The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the body’s homeostasis.  HOMEOSTASIS  is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels .

46. SUMMARY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system . The peripheral nervous system is comprised of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems . The somatic nervous system transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the central nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls the function of our organs and glands , and can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions . Sympathetic activation prepares us for fight or flight , while parasympathetic activation is associated with normal functioning under relaxed conditions .

47. 5.GLANDS AND TYPE OF GLANDS Types of glands Exocrine glands – these glands sends their secretions through ducts directly to target organs of the body. The secretary products are enzymes, mucous and other substance. E.g. the important exocrine glands are salivary glands, liver, pancreas, sweat glands Endocrine glands – these glands are the ductless and their secretions that are hormones are directly poured into the circulating blood and reach the organ

48. Endocrine glands Group of ductless glands that regulate body processes by secreting hormones that act on nearby tissues or are carried in the bloodstream to act on specific target organs and distant tissues.

49. Endocrine glands Functions : Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism organs and reproduction. Controls how your hormones are released Sends those hormones into your bloodstream so they can travel to other body parts or target area

50. In the context of psychology Endocrinology, which is the scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior. In gonads hormones and aggressive behavior Dabss , Hargrove and heusel (1996) measured the testosterone levels on males to check their aggression level. They founds that males with the highest average testosterone levels were more wild and unruly and males with the lowest average testosterone levels were more well behaved, friendly and pleasant .

51. HORMONES Hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body After being made in one part of the body, they travel to other parts of the body where they help control how cells and organs do their work. Example, insulin is a hormone that’s made by beta cells in the pancreas .

52. HORMONES Adrenal cortex is the outer region of kidney that secretes a specific hormone called as cortisol Cortisol the stress hormone The adrenal cortex releases a hormone called as cortisol which activate in stress condition. It has effect on cognitive functioning at low level it enhances memory and at high level cause memory impairment and neuronal death .

53. Major endocrine glands Group of ductless glands that regulate body processes by secreting hormones that act on nearby tissues or are carried in the bloodstream to act on specific target organs and distant tissues .