Physiological Basis of Behavior

For Miss Joy Lim's General Psychology class

DGE2
First Term | SY 2010-2011
De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde

1. Physiological Basis of Behavior
1.Nervous System
2.Left Brain – Right Brain Dominance
3.Intelligence and its assessment

2. Look at the chart and say the color not the word
YELLOW BLUE ORANGE
BLACK RED GREEN
PURPLE YELLOW RED
ORANGE GREEN BLACK
BLUE RED PURPLE
GREEN BLUE
ORANGE
Left – Right Conflict
Your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain
insists on reading the word

3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BRAIN SPINAL CORD
SOMATIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC &
PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Forebrain, midbrain
and hindbrain

4. •Nervous system – complex network of nerve
cells that regulates our bodily functions and
permits us to reach the external world.
•II central nervous system
•Spinal cord
•1. causes sensory information to the brain via:
affarent nerves and efferent nreves).
•2. it plays a key role in various reflexes.

5. •P. N. system – consist of nerves, bundles of
axons from many neurons connects C.N.S with
sense organs and muscles and glands
throughout the body. Nerves are attached to the
spinal cord (spinal nerve) to serve all of the body
below the neck.
cranial nerve – extends from the brain and carry
information from receptor in the eyes, ears and
other sense organs. Carry information from
C.N.S , muscles in head and neck.

6. •Division of P.N.S.
•1. Somatic Nervous System – connect the
Nervous system to voluntary muscle throughout
the body.
•2. Autonomic Nervous system – connects the
C.N.S to internal organs and glands and to
muscles over which we have little voluntary
center.

7. •Division of Autonomic Nervous system
•1. Sympathetic - stimulates the body only for
using energy
•2. Parasympathetic – stimulate the body
processes that conserve energy.

8. three basic functions of nervous system:
•Receiving sensory input can be manifested
in various forms, including pressure, taste,
sound, light, or hormone levels, which are
converted to a signal and then sent to the
brain or spinal cord.
•Integrating the input through the sensory
centers of the brain or in the spinal cord.
•Responding to stimuli then converted to
action.

9. Basic Structural Unit:
The Neuron

10. 3 main parts of a neuron:
•Dendrites - receive the information from
another cell and are the one to transmit the
message to the cell body.
•Cell body - serves as the center of
nourishment
•Axon - conducts messages away from the cell
body.

11. 3 types of neuron
•Sensory neurons as classified into its
appearance typically possess a long dendrite
and short axon, and its role is that they carry
messages from sensory receptors to the central
nervous system.
•Motor neurons based into appearance, have
a long axon and short dendrites and
responsible to transmit messages from the
central nervous system to the muscles or even
to the glands.

12. 3 types of neuron
3. Interneurons are located only in the central
nervous system where there is a connection of
neuron-to-neuron.

13. SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CONTAIN
NEUROTRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES
•Acetylcholine
•Norepinephrine
•Gamma-aminobutyric acid
•Dopamine
•Serotonin
•Endorphin

14. Different Neurotransmitter Substances
and their Effects on Behavior
Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior
1.Acetylcholine Facilitates learning and
memory
Deficiency of ACH disrupts
learning and memory
2. Norepinephrine
Too little may lead to
depression
Too much causes hyperactivity

15. Different Neurotransmitter Substances
and their Effects on Behavior
Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior
3. Dopamine
Over supply may lead to
schizophrenic reaction
Under supply causes Parkinson’s
Diseases (a neurological
disorder disrupting coordinated
movement)
4. Serotonin
Lack of serotonin produces anemia
Prevents dreaming in the waking state
Considered as the “worry” chemical
in the brain

16. Different Neurotransmitter Substances
and their Effects on Behavior
Neurotransmitter Effects on Behavior
5. GABA (gamma
acid aminobutyric
acid)
6. Endorphins
Decreases the activity of
the neuron
May decrease levels of
anxiety
 Pain relieving effect; a
neuropeptide

17. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

18. Central Nervous System (CNS)
BRAIN
•the largest part of the nervous system that is
protected by the skull.
•It weighs 3 pounds and contains 90% of the
body neurons
•Spinal cord runs along the dorsal side of the
body and links the brain to the rest of the body.

19. • 4 lobes:
•1. Parietal lobe located in in the central fissure
from the frontal lobe.
function: information to the skin senses (touch,
temperature and pressure).
If left hemisphere is damage may lose ability to
read/ write and difficulty of knowing the parts of
the body.
If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the
left part of the body.

20. •2. Frontal lobe – nearest to the face ( motor cortex)
Function: controls the body movement.
•3. Occipital lobe – near the back of the head.
Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual)
Damage in the right hemisphere – loss of vision in the
left.
If in the left – loss vision ion the right.
4. Temporal lobe - along the side of each hemisphere.
Function: concern with hearing
Damage in left hemisphere – inability to understand
spoken words.
If in the right – can recognize speech but unable to
recognize other organizations of sounds.

21. The major brain areas and lobes.

22. Hindbrain - includes
Medulla
•controls respiration, digestion, and circulation;
Cerebellum
•Governs body balance, posture and muscular
coordination
Pons
•Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the cerebellum
as well as the tracts of sensory and motor nerve fibers
that connect upper brain to the spinal cord

23. Midbrain
•Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
and functions as part of the overall impulse
conduction system.
•It also controls some auditory and visual
responses such as regulation of the size of the
pupil of the eye.

24. Forebrain
•Occupies the largest of the three divisions of the
brain and occupies the entire upper portion of
the skull
Cerebrum
•The main area of the forebrain, governs emotion,
learning, thinking, remembering and sense
perception.

25. Cerebral Cortex
•The outer layer of the cerebrum, directs the
activities directs the activities of the entire
nervous system
Thalamus
•Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor
impulses that travel to and from the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
•Controls body temperature, metabolism, hunger
and thirsts

26. Reticular activating system
•A group of neurons that occupy a portion of the
hindbrain and midbrain that serves as an
arousal system
Corpus Callosum
•Connects two brain hemisphere

28. Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic nervous system
• It connects the glands and organs of your body
that are involuntary in nature. It has two
subsystems:
• the sympathetic nervous system and
•the parasympathetic nervous system

29. Sympathetic Nervous System vs.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous
System
•involved in the “fight or
flight” response during
emergency situation or in
high emotion.
•It increases alertness,
stimulates tissue, and
prepares the body for
quick responses to
unusual situations.
activities, such as
digestion.
Parasympathetic
nervous system
•that is involved in “rest or
repose” system as it
quiets the body and
returns it to a lower
intensity of arousal.
• It is involved in
relaxation. It conserves
energy and controls
sedentary

30. HOMEOSTASIS
•Tendency of the body to maintain a balance
among internal physiological conditions.

31. The Endocrine System: Glandular
activities of the system
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
is made up of glands that produce and secrete
hormones. These hormones regulate the body’s
growth, metabolism, and sexual development
and function.
HORMONES
•Directly released on the bloodstream because
they have no ducts or structured passageways to
the organs that they serve.

32. Endocrine Glands

34. Endocrine Glands
•Secrete special messengers known as hormones
that are directly released into bloodstream
because they have no ducts.
Pituitary Glands
•Has been called the “master gland”, influences
growth, metabolism and regeneration
Oxytocin
•Influence the contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and the reflexive reaction of milk from
the mammary glands.

35. Vasopressin
•Regulates the amount of water in the body cells
and thus directly controls blood pressure
Anterior pituitary hormones – include
control of timings and amount of body growth
•Too little can lead to condition called
DWARFISM
•Over secretion can produce GIANTISM

36. Giantism

37. Dwarfism
He Pingping and Svetlana
Pankratova

38. He Pingping stands
precisely 2 feet 5.37
inches tall.
Pankratova's legs
are nearly 52 inches
long.

39. Adrenal glands
•Located just above the kidneys
•Important in neural functioning and in the
ability to cope with stress
•The inner core of the adrenal gland secretes
EPINEPHRINE also called ADRENALIN and
NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALIN)

40. Thyroid Gland
•Located in the neck in front of the windpipe and
weighs less than ounce
•Hormone produced by this gland is IODINE,
THYROXIN
Hypothyroidism
•The result of underactivity of the thyroid gland,
which characterized by laziness and dullness on
the part of the organism
•When this occurs in infancy the condition is
known as CRETINISM

41. GOITER
•The swelling of the
thyroid gland brought
about by the glands
overworking, hence the
inability to secrete
enough hormones

43. Parathyroid Glands
•These are two small pea-shaped glands close to
the thyroid glands
•Hormones called PARATHORMONE
PARATHORMONE
•Regulates utilization of calcium and
phosphorous in the body
•Undersecretion of this hormone results in
condition known as tetany

44. Pancreas
•Located near the stomach secretes two
hormones which control the level of blood sugar
or glucose in the bloodstream
Glucogon
•Releases glucose into the bloodstream from the
glycogen stored in the liver
Insulin
•Enables glucose to move out of the blood into
the cells of muscles and tissues

45. Gonads
•The sex or puberty glands which produce the
sperm and egg cells for reproduction
TESTES – testosterone
•Stimulates development and maintenance of
male secondary sexual characteristics and
behavior
OVARIES – estrogen and progesterone
•ESTROGEN – stimulates development and
maintenance of female secondary sex
characteristics and behavior

46. PROGESTERONE
•Stimulates female secondary sex characteristics
and behavior and maintains pregnancy