Physiological changes during pregnancy

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY Deepa Mishra Assistant Professor (OBG)

2. Pregnancy Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman. Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days Three trimester- 1 st Trimester -0 -12 weeks 2 nd trimester – 13-28 weeks 3 rd trimester -29-40 weeks s

3. Physiological changes Reproductive system Hematological and Cardiovascular changes Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes Urinary changes GI changes Metabolic changes Skeletal and neurological changes Skin changes Endocrinal changes Psychological changes

4. Reproductive system Vulva and vagina Increased vascularity, varicosities, hyperemia and edema Bluish or violet discoloration- jacquemier’s or chadwick’s sign Hypertrophy of papillae of the vaginal mucosa-hobnailed appearance Vaginal secretion – excessive thick white due to excessive exfoliated cells, bacteria and increased cervical secretion pH acidic from 3.5 -6 due to lactic acid

5. Uterus Body of uterus- Enormous growth, increased weight & Enlargement of body, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and stretching of muscle fibre. Uterine muscle arrangement- Outer longitudinal hood like layer over fundus Middle spiral layer- thickest and strongest Internal circular layer Increased Vascularity Shape Changes Braxton Hicks Contraction- unpredictable, sporadic, non-rhythmic and painless without affecting dilation of cervix. Intensity varies 5-25 mm Hg

6. Hegar’s Sign -Soft and compressible in 10-12 weeks The isthmus opens out and incorporated in the uterine cavity to form lower uterine segment Cervix Goodell”s Sign - Marked softening of cervix for dilatation Length of cervix 2.5 cm firmly closed Fallopian Tubes Inactive, elongated and more congested Ovaries Enlarged due to vascularity and edema Corpus luteum 2.5 cm solely responsible for hormonal maintenance upto 8 weeks. Then placenta takes over. Degeneration of corpus luteum yellow and white and atretic due to decline in hCG from placenta Isthmus

7. Breast Changes Tenderness and tingling sensation Progressive increase in breast size due to proliferation of glands and deposition of fat Delicate veins become visible just beneath the skin Weight of each breast 400-800 gm Axillary spence become painful, swollen and tender

8. Hematological Changes changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation During pregnancy the  plasma  volume increases by 40-50 % the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30 % Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in  hematocrit  or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration developing physiological anemia of pregnancy Erythropoietin , which stimulates red blood cell production, increases throughout pregnancy and reaches approximately 150 percent of their pregnancy levels at term The white blood cell count increases with occasional appearance of myelocytes or metamyelocytes in the blood

9. Hypercoagulability   hypercoagulable , leading to increased risk for developing blood clots and embolisms, such as  deep vein thrombosis  and  pulmonary embolism  Plasma levels of pro- coagulantion factors increased markedly in pregnancy like fibrinogen ,  factor VII ,  factor VIII , and  factor X increased blood stasis due to the compression of the vena cava by the enlargening uterus . Clots usually develop in the left leg or the left iliac/ femoral venous system Increase in ESR 3-4 times

10. Cardiovascular Changes Cardiac output (Lit./Min.): 6.26 increased Stoke Volume (Ml.): 75 Heart Rate (Per min.): 85 increases Blood Pressure: Unaffected the systolic and diastolic blood pressure drops 10–15 mm Hg in the first trimester and then returns to baseline in the second half of pregnancy common complaints, such as palpitations, decreased exercise tolerance, and dizziness Uterine enlargement beyond 20 weeks' size can compress the inferior vena cava, which can markedly decrease the return of blood into the heart or preload healthy pregnancy patients in a supine position or prolonged standing can experience symptoms of hypotension

11. Changes in Respiratory System, Acid-base balance and Electrolytes Progesterone  increasing  minute volume  (the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs in 1 minute) by 40% in the first trimester via an increase in  tidal volume  alone, as the respiratory rate does not change during pregnancy As a result,  carbon dioxide  levels in the blood decrease and the  pH  of the blood becomes more alkaline (i.e. the pH is higher and more basic ) This causes the maternal kidneys to excrete  bicarbonate  to compensate for this change in pH The combined effect of the decreased serum concentrations of both carbon dioxide and bicarbonate leads to a slight overall increase in blood pH (to 7.44 compared to 7.40 in the non-pregnant state )

12. the diaphragm progressively becomes more upwardly displaced. This causes less space to be available for lung expansion in the chest cavity, and leads to a decrease in  expiratory reserve volume  and  residual volume Oxygen consumption increases by 20% to 40% during pregnancy , due to the oxygen demand of the growing fetus, placenta, and increased metabolic activity of the maternal organs

13. Changes in Urinary System Kidneys-  an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increase blood volume and vasculature Physiological hydronephrosis may appear from six weeks.  vasodilatation and increased blood flow to the kidneys, and as a result  glomerular filtration rate  (GFR) commonly increases by 50 % increased GFR increases the excretion of protein, albumin, and glucose & urinary output decreased motility of the ureters, which can lead to stasis of the urine and hence an increased risk of urinary tract infection

14. Gastrointestinal Changes the intestine and stomach are pushed up from their original positions by the enlarging uterus Progesterone causes smooth muscle relaxation which slows down GI motility and decreases  lower esophageal sphincter  (LES) tone The resulting increase in intragastric pressure combined with lower LES tone leads to the gastroesophageal reflux commonly experienced during pregnancy . Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, commonly known as “ morning sickness ” due to HCG Constipation   is associated with the narrowing of the colon as it gets pushed by the growing uterus found adjacent it leading to mechanical blockade

15. Dietary cravings and dietary as well as olfactory avoidance of certain types of food are common in pregnancy   Pica , which is the intense craving for unusual materials such as clay and ice Hemorrhoids due to constipation and gingival disease due to gum softening and edema are two common pregnancy associated physical findings

16. Metabolic Changes B oth   protein metabolism  and  carbohydrate metabolism  are affected One  kilogram  of extra  protein  is deposited, with half going to the  fetus  and  placenta , and another half going to  uterine  contractile proteins,  breast glandular  tissue, plasma protein, and  haemoglobin Maternal insulin resistance can lead to  gestational diabetes . Increased liver metabolism is also seen, with increased gluconeogenesis to increase maternal glucose levels

17. Body Weight & Nutrition pregnant women require a caloric increase of 350 kcal/day and an increase in protein to 70 or 75 g/day increased  folate  requirement from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/day (important in preventing  neural tube defects ) On average, a weight gain of 9.1 to 13.6  kg is experienced  advised to take  prenatal vitamins  to compensate for the increased nutritional requirements. The use of Omega 3 fatty acids supports mental and visual development of infants Choline supplementation of research mammals supports mental development that lasts throughout life

18. Skeletal & Neurological Changes  lower-back pain, leg cramps, and  hip pain The pelvis tilts and the back arches to help keep balance a woman's foot can grow by a half size or more during pregnancy. the increased body weight of pregnancy, fluid retention, and weight gain lowers the arches of the foot, further adding to the foot's length and width The influences of increased hormones such as  estrogen  and  relaxin  initiate the remodeling of soft tissues, cartilage and ligaments. Certain skeletal joints such as the  pubic symphysis  and  sacroiliac  widen or have increased laxity

19. Skin Changes Face ( Chloasma Gravidarum or melasma gravidarum )- irregular brownish patches on cheeks, face, forehead, eyes and neck Abdomen- Linea Nigra - brownish black pigmented linea or area in the midline from the xiphisternum to symphysis pubis Stretch marks or striae gravidarum - reddish, slightly depressed streaks commonly develop on the skin of the abdomen, breasts and thighs. Striae albicans - glistening, silvery lines that represent previous striae

20. Endocrine Changes Fetal -placental unit- Levels of progesterone and estrogen rise continually suppressing the hypothalamus and the menstrual cycle. progesterone is first produced by the  corpus luteum  and then by the placenta in the second trimester Pancreatic Insulin- The placenta also produces  human placental lactogen  ( hPL ), which stimulates maternal lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism. decrease maternal tissue sensitivity to insulin Pituitary gland- increased production of prolactin resulting in increased breast size Parathyroid- increases calcium uptake and reabsorption Adrenal glands- increased cortisol production leading to skin changes Thyroid- increase in total  thyroxine  (T4), but free thyroxine (T4) and  triiodothyronine  (T3) remain normal

21. Psychological Changes First trimester- emotional fluctuations between positive feelings (such as excitement, happiness, and joy) and rather negative ones (such as disbelief, anticipation, worry, and tearfulness ). Second trimester- mood fluctuations continue, negative feelings Third trimester- Negative emotional feelings due to increasing discomfort, prominent symptoms