physiological parameters.pptx

Hospital and clinical pharmacy.

1. Physiological parameters Prepared by : Miss. Priya d. Yannawar ( M. Pharm . Dcop, Latur)

2. Content Introduction Different physiological parameter's Their significance

3. Physiological parameters These are different chractistics of living system with their normal values. It includes heart rate, blood pressure, RBC, WBC count. In Healthy human Heart rate, blood pressure, sugar level, blood cell count etc. are within normal range

4. Following are some important physiological parameters Pulse rate or heart rate Body temperature Bleeding and clotting time Blood pressure Blood examination Haemoglobin count RBC count WBC count DLC(differential leucocyte count) ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) Blood sugar Urine examination Other physiological parameters

5. Pulse rate or heart rate It is rate at which Heart beats per minute or it is frequency of pulse per minute Usually radial artery at wrist is used. Normal value : (70 to 75 beats/min) Adult – 60 to 80/min Neonates- 130 to 140 /min Significance: It shows state of heart health. Increase in heart rate: tachycardia Decrease in heart rate : bradycardia Emotional excitement, fever, muscular exercise: increase in heart rate

6. Bleeding and clotting time Bleeding time: time required for complete stopping of blood flow frm punctured blood vessel. It is 1 to 4 min. Determine by ducks method Significance   Thrombocytopenia (low platelate count) Clotting time: Time taken for development of fibrin thread from time blood escape from vessels. It is 3 to 8 min Determine by capillary method Significance: Haemophilia( delay in clotting) Leukaemia Anaemia

7. Blood pressure It is pressure exerted on wall of arteries which contains blood The instrument used to measure blood pressure is sphygmomanometer 1) mercury sphygmomanometer 2) aneroid type manometer 3)digital sphygmomanometer

8. Continue.. It is systolic BP and Diastolic BP Systolic BP: It is pressure inside artery when heart is pumping or Maximum pressure during systole i.e. Contraction It is 100 to 140 mmhg Diastolic BP: Pressure inside artery when heart is resting between beats Or minimum pressure during diastole i.e. relaxation It is 80 to 100 mmhg Blood pressure(healthy person) = 120 /80 (SBP/DBP )

9. significance Hypertension Hypotension Atherosclerosis Myocardial infraction Anaemia Blood pressure increase due to high sodium intake in diet Glomerulonephritis Pheochromocytoma

10. Blood examination Haemoglobin count: Haemoglobin concentration is measured in gram% Normal range: Significance: Hb value below range – anaemia, leukaemia Hb value above range – dehydration, polycythaemia Male Female Children 14 to 18 gm% 13 to 16 gm% 10 to 13gm%

11. RBC Count Total RBC count of given sample of blood is expressed in number of cells /mm 3 of blood Normal range Significance : Male (54 lakhs ) Female(48 lakhs ) children 4.5 to 5.5 million/mm3 3.5 to 5.5million 4 to 5.5 million RBC count increase (erythrocytosis i.e. polycythaemia) RBC count decrease (erythropenia) Fasting, sweating, vomiting, severe burns, heart disease. In all Anaemia, leukaemia, after haemorrhage

12. WBC COUNT Total leucocyte count is expressed in number of cells/mm3 of blood Normal range : 4000 – 11000 /mm3 Significance: Leucocytosis (high WBC count ) Leukopenia (low WBC count) Pathological condition ( infection),fever Dengue Great increase_ leukaemia (beyond 20000-100000 /mm3) Typhoid, rheumatoid arthritis Pneumonia Hepatitis Rheumatic fever, small pox chicken pox Influenza

13. Deferential Leucocyte Count (DLC) Normal range of WBC differential count are : WBC (leucocytes) Range (%) Neutrophils 60-70 Eosinophil's 1-4 Basophiles 0-1 Monocytes 5-10 Lymphocytes 25-30

14. Significance Condition Example Neutrophillia (increase in neutrophils ) Acute bacterial infection, Pneumonia, whooping cough, UTI(if seen in urine),other infection. Eosinophillia ( increase in eosinophil) Indicative of allergic condition, skin disease, Basophillia ( increase in Basophillia) Increase in granulocytic leukemia Lymphocytosis (increase in lymphocyte) Bacterial infection, viral infection (measles, mumps), leukemia Monocytosis ( increase in monocytes) Bacterial infection, malaria,

15. Importance of DLC Both TLC (total leucocyte count) and DLC(differential leucocyte count) are clinically significant. They are diagnostic tool . They help to detect status of infection High TLC and high neutrophils – severe infection and good body resistance (immunity ) High TLC and moderate neutrophils – moderate acute infection and good resistance Low TLC and high neutrophils –severe infection, weak resistance

16. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ESR is defined as millimeter of clear plasma formed at top of vertical column in one hour. RBCS are settle out from plasma under force of gravity The speed of there fall is called as sedimentation rate. Normal value: measure in mm/hour. Method ESR ( mm/ hr ) Male Female Wintergreen 0-15 0-20 wintrobe 0-9 0-15 Wintrobe tube

17. Significance: It is important in diagnosis of disease like tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis in which it increases It shows progress of disease and help in therapeutic treatment. ESR is also high in cancer, pneumonia, anemia, leukemia, pregnancy ESR decreases in allergy.

18. Mean cell volume (MCV)   MCV blood test measures the average size of RBC. It describe volume of RBC range. It Is ratio of hematocrit to RBC count expressed in .mm3. Normal range - 82 to 92 /mm3. SIGINIFICANCE : Anemia Meaning Range(/mm3) Normocytic anemia  It means you  have normal-sized RBC , but you have a low number of them. 82-92 Microcytic anemia It means you  have small sized RBC 50-80 Macrocytic anemia It means you  have large sized RBC 95-100

19. Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) Ratio of Hb to RBC and it is expressed in PICOGRAM (pcg) It express hemoglobin component of each cell range. Normal : 27 to 31 pcg Anemia Range(pcg) Normocytic anemia 25-30 Microcytic anemia 15-25 Macrocytic anemia 30-50

20. Complete blood count (CBC) Hemoglobin (gm %) RBC (/cmm or mm3) WBC (TLC) (/cmm or mm3 ) Platelet (/cmm or mm3) Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC) Neutrophils (%) Eosinophil's(%) Basophiles(%) Monocytes (%) Lymphocytes (%) MCV (/cmm or mm3 ) MCH (pcg)

21. Complete blood count BLOOD REPORT OF NORMAL HEALTHY PATIENT

22. Blood Report of microcytic anemic patient

23. Blood sugar normal values: fasting blood sugar is 80 to 120 mg/100ml. Increases in blood sugar _ hyperglycemia decrease in blood sugar _ hypoglycemia Significance : sugar level in diabetes vary from normal to 500 mg%. If limit crosses 500 mg% then patient may undergo coma. 200 mg fasting blood sugar level indicate diabetes. Lower level ( less then 40 mg% suggest hypoglycemia due to insulin overdose and pancreatic tumor, alcohol intake. Glucose tolerance test Time in minute Fasting Half hour One hour One n half hour 2 hour 2 n half hour Blood sugar 75 130 140 100 65 70

24. Cholesterol : Normal range : 150-240mg% it rise with age Significance : Increased cholesterol level Kidney diseases(nephrosis) Heart disease (atherosclerosis) Liver disease Obesity Hypothyroidism Decreased cholesterol level Hyperthyroidism : (80 to 100 gm%) Hemolytic jaundice

25. Other physiological parameter Significance : SGOT AND SGPT are enzymes produced by liver. High SGOT and SGPT is indicator of liver and liver cell injury. PARAMETER RANGE Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase( SGOT) i.e. aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 8-40  units per liter of serum Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT )- i.e. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)  5-35  units per liter of serum