Physiology of the Respiratory System | Jindal chest clinic

Respiratory system is the system in which the organs and structures in body that allow to breathe. This presentation gives an overview on "Physiology of the Respiratory System" including: non respiratory functions, air conditioning, warming and humidfying, immune functions, functions of cilia, metabolic functions, etc. For more information please contact us: 9779030507.

1. Physiology of the Respiratory
System

2. •Structure of the Respiratory System
•Mechanical Properties in Respiration
•Pulmonary Circulation, Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio
•Diffusion and Transport of Respiratory Gases
•Control of Respiration
•Nonrespiratory Functions of the Respiratory System
Physiology of the Respiratory System

3. Nonrespiratory Functions
-Air conditioning
-Immune functions
-Metabolicfunctions
-Otherfunctions

4. Air Conditioning
•Warming
•Humidifying
•Clearing

5. Warming and Humidifying
By the lobar bronchi:37ºC
and fully moist
Nasal cavity!
250 ml/day loss

6. Clearing-Mucociliar Cleareance
-5-10 μmgel, not
continuous:
“islands of mucus”
-5-6 μmpericiliary
fluid
-cilia
-goblet cells, glands,
Clara-cells

7. Cystic Fibrosis
-cysticfibrosistransmembraneconductanceregulator(CFTR),impairedfunction
ofthiscyclicAMPregulatedCl-ionchannel
-Autosomalrecessive,1:3000(caucasian)

8. Cilia
250 cilia/cell
2-5 μm length
Only the tip reaches
the gel
1000 strokes/min

9. The Airway Cleaning Function of Cilia
Trachea, main bronchi: 5-20 μm/min
Bronchioli: 0,5-1 μm/min

10. Clearing as a Function of
Particle Size
> 10μm nasal cavity, nasal hair
2-10μm lowerairways, trachea, bronchi,
turbulentflow!
0,2-2μm bronchioli
< 0,2μm reaches the alveolimacrophages

11. Immune Functions
•Specialimmunesystemis
necessary
•MucosaAssociatedLympoidTissue
(MALT)
•BronchusAssociatedLympoidTissue
(BALT)
•B-lymphocytesIgA
•NKcells,macrophages

12. Asthma
IgE, mast cells

13. Metabolic Functions
-Renin angiotensin system:
Angiotensin convertingenzyme(ACE) is located mainly on the surface of
endothelial cells in the lung A I. A II.
-Metabolism of biologically active substances:
serotonin, noradrenalin, prostaglandin
-Production of factors influencing blood coagulation:
source of plasminogenactivator, thromboplastinproduction,
heparinproduction

14. Other Functions
-Filterfunction
-Eliminationofvolatilesubstances
-Smelling
-Vocalization
-Bodyposturestability
-Sighing,yawning

15. FilterFunction
Lungfunctionsasa“filter”for
substancesfromthevenousside
ofcirculation:
-Embolus
-Tumour-metastasis

16. Elimination of Volatile Substances
Certainvolatilesubstancesdiffuseintothealveolifromthebloodand
canbedetectedandsmeltintheexpiredair:
-acetone diabetes
-methyl-mercaptanliverdisease
-ethyl-alcohol highbloodlevel

17. Smellingand Vocalization
Behavioral control!!

18. Body Posture Stability,
Sighing, Yawning
Stability: Valsalva-maneuver
Sighing: increasing superficial surfactant
concentration(?)
Yawning: ?

19. Cardiorespiratory Adaptation during
Exercise, Primary Prevention

20. Processes Involved in O
2
Consumption
Muscle systemic Heart pulmonaryLung
Change
during
exercise
CO
2
production CO
2
transport Expiration
O
2
production O
2
transport Inpiration
vaso-
dilati
on
Heart
rate
Stroke
volume
Capillary
recruitment
respirat
ory rate
Tidal
volume
Performance during long term exercise is a
cardiorespiratory question!

21. Reserves in the Cardiorespiratory System
tissue cells
capillary

22. Respiratory Changes during Exercise
-Ventilation/perfusion ratios become more equal
-Reserves are used more and more

23. Respiratory
Changes
during
Exercise
Anaerobic
threshold

24. Determination of Anaerobic Threshold

25. Circulatory Changes
during Exercise
„Postexercise hypotension”

26. Blood Flow in
Coronary Arteries
HR x SBP
„double product”

27. Redistribution
Sympathetic outflow
Epinephrin, norepinephrin
α
1
:IP
3
/DAG
vasoconstriction
β
2
:cAMP
vasodilation

28. Distribution of Cardiac Output(ml/min) in Resting
State and during Various Levels of Exercise
Organ
Splanchnic
Kidney
Brain
Heart
Muscles
Skin
Other
Total
Exercise Intensity
Resting Mild Intermediate Maximal

29. Oxygen Consumption
Lance Armstrong:
85 ml/min/kg !!

30. Changes in Cardiorespiratory
Parameters during Exercise

31. PrimaryPrevention
Preventing the occurenceof diseases.
-Hand washing, immunization H1N1
Nature’s editorial:
“A tsunami is coming. No one knows how big it will
be. Prepare to go for higher ground.“
-Health promotion

32. Effects of Smoking
-Decreasedalveolarsurface
-IncreasedFRC,decreasedIRV
-Decreasedmucociliarclearance
-Increasedairwayresistance
-DecreasedO
2
-transportduetoCO-Hb
-Tumoursduetocarcinogens
-Decreasedphysicalcapabilities
-IncreasedatherosclerosisAMI
AcuteMyocardialInfarct

33. The Smoking Epidemic

34. Percentage of Female Smokers in the EU

35. Percentage of Male Smokers in the EU

36. Percentage of Smokers in the EU

37. Acute Myocardial Infarct
Related Deaths
AMI
deaths/
100 000

38. Theory and Advice
“Fight-or-flight response” W. Cannon
Originally:Stress Muscle work, exercise
Current ”fight” answers: angry, argumentative beaviour
Current “flight” answers: social withdrawal, substance
abuse smoking
Friedman, H. S., & Silver, R. C. (2007). Foundations of Health
Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Regular physical exercises!

39. Thank You