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1. What is Physiology? Physiology is the science of studying the functional activities and its mechanisms in biological body. For example: why can heart automatically beat? Physiology derived from two Greek words – physis = nature; logos = study

2. Physiology Physiology : The study of normal body functions is called physiology. Example : circulatory system , respiratory system , nerves system , gastrointestinal system , lymphatic system, cell physiology etc. History of physiology : the history of physiology is began with the earliest ancestors which is about 420 BC, who must have been curious about how their bodies worked ,as we are today. They discovered all these things from their illness b/c healthy person can't attention to their health. They discover how wounds healing occurring, how body tissues regenerate , what is the role of blood and protein in the wound healing etc.

3. Aristotle emphasized the relationship between structure and function Galen was the first to perform experiments to understand the function of the body; so known to be father of physiology The first “physiologist” of the world, in the modern sense, was William Harvey. In the 17 th century William Harvey first describes the circulatory system and its interaction with the body Claude Bernard (1813-1878) propounded the concept of milieu interieur or internal environment and established physiology as the scientific basis of medicine. THE FATHER OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY IS THE FRENCH PHYSIOLOGIST CLAUDE BERNARD The History of Physiology

4. Subdisciplines / There are many ways to categorize the subdisciplines of physiology based on the   taxa  studied:  human physiology , animal physiology,  plant physiology , microbial physiology, viral physiology based on the  level of organization :  cell physiology ,  molecular physiology ,  systems  physiology, organismal physiology,  ecological physiology , integrative physiology based on the process that causes physiological variation:  developmental  physiology,  environmental physiology ,  evolutionary physiology based on the ultimate goals of the research:  applied physiology  (e.g., medical physiology),  non-applied  (e.g.,  comparative physiology )

5. Cell physiology Studying the way cells work and interact; cell physiology mostly concentrates on membrane transport and neuron transmission . Although there are differences between  animal ,  plant , and microbial cells, the basic physiological functions of cells can be divided into the processes of  cell division ,  cell signaling ,  cell growth , and  cell metabolism .

6. Systems physiology   System Physiology: Studies the interactions and functions of multiple organs and systems within an organism, such as the regulation of blood pressure by the cardiovascular system or the coordination of movement by the musculoskeletal system It tries to describe the way individual cells or components of a system converge to respond as a whole. They often investigate metabolic networks and cell signaling.

7. Subdisciplines by taxa Plant physiology Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of  botany  concerned with the functioning of plants. Closely related fields include  plant morphology ,  plant ecology ,  phytochemistry ,  cell biology ,  genetics ,  biophysics , and  molecular biology . Fundamental processes of  plant physiology  include  photosynthesis ,  respiration ,  plant nutrition ,  tropisms ,  nastic movements ,  photoperiodism ,  photomorphogenesis ,  circadian rhythms ,  seed germination ,  dormancy , and  stomata  function and  transpiration . Absorption of water by roots, production of food in the leaves, and growth of shoots towards light are examples of plant physiolog

8. Animal physiology Human physiology Human physiology is the study of how the human body's systems and functions work together to maintain a stable internal environment. It includes the study of the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, as well as cellular and exercise physiology. Understanding human physiology is essential for diagnosing and treating health conditions and promoting overall wellbeing.

9. Evolutionary physiology Studying the way systems, or parts of systems, have adapted and changed over multiple generations . Evolutionary physiology  is the study of the biological   evolution  of  physiological  structures and processes; that is, the manner in which the functional characteristics of  organisms  have responded to  natural selection  or  sexual selection  or changed by random  genetic drift  across multiple  generations  during the history of a population or species

10. Defense physiology Changes that occur as a reaction to a potential threat, such as preparation for the fight-or-flight response.

11. Terms use in physiology Append : (to hang some things ) appendicular : use for limbs Cardi :( heart) pericardium : membrane around the heart Cran: (helmet) cranial : the brain covering. Dorsi : ( back, dorsal ) back position of the body Homeo: (the same) homeostasis : the maintenance of normal internal environment Meta: (change) metabolism: the chemical change occurred inside the body Pariet : (wall) parietal membrane : the membrane that cover the cavity Pelv: (the basin) pelvic cavity: a basin shape cavity enclosed by pelvic bone

12. Peri : (around) pericardial membrane : membrane around the heart. Pleur: (rib) pleural membrane : the covering layer of lungs and thoracic cavity . Stasis: (standing still) homeostasis : the maintenance of stable internal environment Tomy : (cutting ) anatomy : the structural study ,which help in cutting or removing the body parts. Axial : (axis) near to the central line. Distal: far from the origin or base Proximal : near to the origin or base Frontal : in the front Palmar : the palms of the hands Pectoral : the chest pedal: the foot

13. Characteristic of life Movement : the self initiated change in an organism position or its traveling from one place to another. However the term also applies to motion of internal parts , such breathing or heart beating. 2. Responsiveness: the ability to sense changings inside or outside its body and to react to these changes . Seeking water to quench thirst is a response to water loss from body tissues , moving away from hot or cold body. 3. Growth: it is an increase in body size and shape . 4. Reproduction: the process of making a new individual, or offspring. 5. Respiration: the process of obtaining oxygen, using O2 to release energy from food , and removing the waste gases.

14. 6. Digestion: the mechanical and chemical break down of complex food substances into simpler forms that cells can absorb and use. 7. absorption: the passage of substances through certain membranes, as when digest products pass through the membrane that lines the intestine and enter body fluids. 8. Circulation: the movement of substances within the body in body fluids, blood. 9. Assimilation : the changing of absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered body fluids. 10.Excretion : the removal of wastes from body.

15. Maintenance of life The structures and functions of almost all body parts help maintain the life of an organism. Requirements of organism : life requires certain environmental factors for their functions. Water : it is the most abundant chemical in the body require for many metabolic processes and provides the environment in which most of them take place. Water transports substances within the organism and is important regulating body temperature as well as maintaining the shape of an organs. Foods : the substances provide the body necessary chemicals (nutrients ) in addition to water , proteins , carbohydrates , vitamins , electrolytes . Oxygen: the gas make 1/5 of ordinary air use for metabolic processes in the cells .

16. 4. Heat : it is a form of energy , it is a product of metabolic reactions , the amount of heat determines the rate of reaction inside the body. 5. Pressure : the pressure outside the body help in inspiration , the pressure of blood maintain blood pressure, the osmotic and colloidal pressure help to keep the body fluids in their specific position and body parts, hydrostatic pressure keep the fluid connect to the cavity wall.

17. Level of organization As we know that the human body is a complex structure which is made by different cells , tissues , organs and systems. All these large structures are made from small invisible particles with naked eyes called atoms and atom is itself made by electrons, protons, and neutrons. Atoms ---combine ---molecules ---- macromolecules ----- organelle ----cell--- tissues ----organ ----organ system---- organism.

18. Organization of human body in body cavities The human body is a complex structure composed of many parts. Its major features include several cavities , layers of membranes within these cavities variety of organs system. Axial portion : includes the head, neck , and trunk . Axial cavity , ventral and dorsal cavity . The organs in these cavity called viscera or visceral organs Appendicular portion : includes upper and lower limbs. Cranial cavity : house of brain Vertebral canal : contain spinal cord Thoracic cavity : contain , lungs , heart , aorta , bronchi, esophagus ,

19. Abdominal cavity : contain , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , liver , gall bladder , pancreas , spleen , kidneys , Pelvic cavity : contain , urinary bladder , ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus , distal ureters, proximal urethra, internal vagina, prostate . Oral cavity: contain teeth and tongue . Nasal cavity : provide way to air , and contain sense of smell receptors . Orbital cavity : contain on eyes. Middle ear cavity: contain middle ear bones .

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