Phytoconstituents pharmacognosy

Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.

1. PHYTOCONSTITUENTS Guided by - Prof. Dr. Babita More Department of Pharmacognosy YTIP, University Of Mumbai Prepared by - Rohan Jagdale T. Y. B. Pharm

2. What are phytoconstituents Phytoconstituents are chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants. Some are responsible for colour and other organoleptic properties. The term is generally refer to biologically significant chemicals, but not established as essential nutrients. Some Phytoconstituents with physiological properties may be elements rather than complex organic molecules Medicinal plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs for traditional systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs.

3. CONTENTS Iridoids - Gentian, Picrorhiza Sesquiterpene & Diterpenes - Artemisia, Andrographis paniculata Tetraterpenoids - Carotenoids - Leutein, Crocin Organo sulphur - Allium cepa, Allium sativum Quinones - Napthoquinones - Chitrak & Heena Benzoquinone - Vidanga

4. Iridoids Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoids in the general form of cyclopentanopyran, found in a wide variety of plants and some animals. They are biosynthetically derived from 8-oxogeranial. Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, most often bound to glucose.

5. Iridoids :How derived? ▪️Named after ants of the Iridomirmex genus, from which were isolated compounds involved in the defence mechanism of the insects: iridoidal, iridomyrmecin and related compounds. ▪️Exists in plants as well: nepetalactone from Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae), or teucriumlactone C from Teucrium marum have marked properties ▪️Nepeta cataria: effects on cats, so termed as Catnip,katzenmelisse, herbe-aux-chats ▪️Iridoid: generally 10 carbons, may even have more or multiple structure variation up to polycyclic structures

6. Monoterpene Cyclopenta[c]pyranoid skeletoon Iridane skeleton cis-2-oxa-bicyclo-[4,3,0J-nonane Type: Secoiridoids by cleavage of the 7,8 bond of the cyclopentane ring Some authors limits the definition up to Methyl cyclopentane Iridoid glycosides (>300) Secoiridoid glycoside (>100) Non-glycoside compounds (>100)

7. Iridoid structure

8. Gentian

9. Synonyms : Yellow Gentiar, Gall weed, Bitter root, felwort Biological source : It consists of dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea Linn belonging to family - Gentianaceae It consists about 33% water soluble extracive. Habitat : It is found in Central and Southern Europe, Asia, Pyrenees, Turkey. It is also grown on Vosges Mountains, Yugoslavia and Jura.

10. Morphology o Color Brownish o Shape - Sub-cylindrical, entire or longitudinally split pieces of rhizomes and roots. o Size: 15-20 cm or more in length and 2.5-8 cm in thickness at crown. o Odour:- Characteristic odour o The root is longitudinally wrinkled and the rhizome, which is sometimes branched, frequently terminates in one or more buds and appear as transverse annulations. o The drug is brittle and breaks with a short fracture. It has a characteristic odour and the taste is sweet at first and then intensely bitter afterwards

11. Chemical Constituents Gentian consists the bitter glycoside GENTIOPICRIN (-2%) as a principle active constituent.On hydrolysis , it yields the aglycone mesogentiogenin and glucose. Gentiopicrin is a secoiridoid gentiopicroside ,and it is decomposed on fermentation and drying of the drug. Other bitter compounds are Genticin, Amaropanin, Amarogentin and Amaoswerin. Gentian also contains Gentiin, Gentiamarin, Gentisic acid(2,5-dihydoxybenzoic acid), Tannins, Pectin's and calcium oxalates. Gentian should yield 33-40% of water soluble extractive but highly fermented root yields much less.

12. Cultivation and preapartion The plant is a large perennial herb. The drug is collected from a 2- 5 years old plant in the autumn. Turf is stripped and the rhizomes are dug up. After it is washed and cut into suitable length, the drug is dried, first in the open air and then in sheds. The drug becomes much dark in colour, loose some of its bitterness & acquires a very distinctive odour .

13. 1. Alcoholic extract when made alkaline. Shows blue or green fluorescence. 2. Take moistened dry powder in test tube .Cover test tube with filter paper soaked in dil .NaoH. Keep test tube in water bath .After sometimes expose filter paper to UV light. It shows yellowish-green fluorescence. CHEMICAL TESTS

14. Gentiopicrin Gentisic acid or 2,5 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid

15. Uses Potent stomachic and treats GI problems like indigestion. Emmenogoggue. (enhance menstrual flow) This bitter stem less is used to treat wounds. To treat arthritis, sore throat, jaundice. Gentian extracts are used in variety of foods and cosmetics.

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17. Picrorhiza

18. Synonyms : Kutki, Indian gentian (Gentiana kurroo) hindi-kuru, katvee, marathi-Kali, Katuki Source: dried rhizomes of Picrorrhiza kurroa Family: Scrophulariaceae Geographical source : North-west Himalaya region at 3000-4000 meters

19. Structure

20. Constituents It contains cyclopentanopyran monoterpenoids, a class of glycosides It contains picroside I, picroside II and kurkoside upto 3-4 % The drug also contains 9% cathartic acid

21. Uses : It is used as bitter tonic & stomachic It is used as laxatives in small doses & cathartic (produce psychological relief) in large doses It is used as Hepatoprotective in Jaundice In skin diseases It is also used in liver tonic

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23. Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes ▪️Sesquiterpenoids are defined as the group of 15 carbon compounds derived by the assembly of 3 isoprenoid units and they are found mainly in higher plants but also in invertebrates.▪️Sesquiterpene structures present several acyclic, mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetracyclic systems. ▪️The addition of another IPP unit to geranyl diphosphate (GPP) gives rise to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) (C15). ▪️FPP gives rise to the linear and cyclic sesquiterpenes. ▪️Some interesting sesquiterpenes are found in :Feverfew, Cotton seeds and Chamomile. Sesquiterpenes

24. Diterpenes Diterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes are the most important plant metabolites that are derived from geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and are classified into several categories, namely phytanes, labdanes, halimane, clerodanes, pimaranes, abietanes, cassanes, rosanes, vouacapanes, podocarpanes, trachlobanes, kauranes, aphidicolanes, stemodanes, stemaranes, bayeranes, atisanes, gibberellanes, taxanes, cembranes, daphnanes, tiglianes, and ingenanes classes.

25. Diterpene cafestol

26. Artemisia

27. ▪️Synonyms :A.cina (Santonica, wormseed) A. annua (Sweet annie, Qinghaosu) ▪️Source: dried un-expanded flower heads of Artemisia cina, A. annua, A.brevifolia, A.maritima & other spp. Of Artemisia. ▪️Family: A. cina (Compositae) A. annua (Asteraceae) ▪️Geographical source S: A. cina (Pakistan, Turkestan) A. annua (China-native, Europe, US, Turkey, Australia, Iran, Vietname, India (GJ, UP, JK, HP, KA)

28. ▪️Artemisinin contains endoperoxide group and this reacts with the iron in haem, giving rise to highly reactive free radicals. ▪️Parasites death is believed to result from the reaction of these free radicals with parasite molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. ▪️Artemisinin does not react with the iron in haemoglobin so that uninfected red cells are unaffected. ▪️Artemether, oil soluble, IM injection ▪️Artesunate & Artelinate, water soluble, IV injection Choloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and cerebreal malaria ▪️Artemether: developed by CDRI lucknow ▪️Artemisic acid: Antibacterial, Cyto-toxic, ▪️Anti-inflammatort ▪️ Artemisinin: Anti-cancer as well

29. Constituents and structure Artemisia Cina : Sesquiterpene lactone:santonin Artemisin Irone Artemisia annua : Artemisinin Deoxyartemisinin Artemisic acid Arteanniun A, B Cadinene type sesquiterpene Santonin

30. Uses A.cina Strong althelmintic against round worms and less effect against thread worms. A.annua Artemisinin: Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum and particularly cerebral malaria Derivative: Artesunate, Artemether: effective Artemisic acid: anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antibacterial

31. Uses : Effective against malaria & cerebral malaria Hepatitis B Schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosomes) Several blood parasite protozoans Against variety of cancer cell lines including breast cancer Human leukemia Small-cell lung carcinoma Drug - resistant cancers

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33. Andrographis paniculata

34. Synonyms : Kalmegh Family : Acanthaceae Biological source : The drug consists of dried fresh leaves & aerial portion of the plant Andrographis Paniculata Nees. Geographical source : India, South East Asia, China

35. Chemical Constituents It contains a bitter compound andrographolide up to 1 % It is diterpene lactone. Some other compounds such as neoandrographolide,andrographosterol,andrographiside,flavonoids,phenolic compounds and some waxy material are present.

36. Uses : ▪️It is used as bitter tonic and stomachic. ▪️It also known as "green chiretta" in India. ▪️It is used in the treatment of torpid liver (impaired nerve impulses) and jaundice. ▪️️The decoction of the plant is used as blood purifier. ▪️The decoction of the leaves is given with spices such as cardamom, clove or cinnamon for stomach ailment in infants. ▪️It produce enzyme induction.

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38. Tetraterpenoids ▪️Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are tetraterpenes that have been chemically modified, as indicated by the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups. ▪️C40 compounds of terpenoids group & biosynthetically prepared by tail to tail condensation of general geraniol. ▪️They contain long sequence of conjugated double bonds

39. Carotenoids ▪️Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria and fungi. The only animals known to produce carotenoids are aphids and spider mites, which acquired the ability and genes from fungi. ▪️Carotenoids are composed of eight isoprene units(C40 ). ▪️T️hey are various colors usually yellow to red pigments

40. ▪️Carotenoids are red, yellow and orange pigments that are widely distributed in nature. they are especially abundant in yellow orange fruits and vegetables and dark green, leafy vegetables. more than 700 naturally occurring carotenoids identified. ▪️Carotenoids absorb light in the 400-500 nm region of the visible spectrum. This physical property imparts the characteristic red/yellow color of the pigments. ▪️Carotenoids contain a conjugated backbone composed of isoprene units, which are usually inverted at the center of the molecule, imparting symmetry. Changes in geometrical configuration about the double bonds result in the existence of many cis and trans isomers. ▪️Hydroxylated, oxidized, hydrogenated or ring-containing derivatives exist.

41. Chemistry ▪️Carotenoids belong to the category of tetraterpe noids (i.e. they contain 40 carbon atoms,being built from four terpene units each containing 10 carbon atoms). Structurally, carotenoids take the form of a polyene hydrocarbon chain which is sometimes terminated by rings, and may or may not have additional oxygen atoms attached. ▪️general structure of the carotenoid is a polyene chain consisting of 9-11 double bonds and possibly terminating in rings

42. Leutin

43. ▪️Lutein is a xanthophyl, synthesized only by plants like other xanthophyll. ▪️Lutein is obtained by animals by ingesting plants. ▪️In the human retina, lutein is absorbed from blood specifically into the macula lutea, although its precise role in the body is unknown. , ▪️Lutein is also found in egg yolks and animal fats. ▪️Lutein is a lipophilic molecule, generally insoluble in water. ▪️Lutein has been used in food and supplement manufacturing as a colorant due to its yellow-red color. ▪️Lutein absorbs blue light and there fore appears yellow at low concentrations and orange-red at high concentrations

44. Sources of leutin ▪️Lutein is a natural part of human diet when orange-yellow fruits and leafy green vegetables are consumed. ▪️Foods rich in lutein include broccoli, spinach, kale, com, orange pepper. kiwi fruit, grapes, orange juice, zucchini, and scquash. ▪️Cooked kale and cooked spinach top the list in richness of lutein. ▪️Many multivitamins contain lutein. They usually provide a relatively small amount of 0.25 mg per tablet ▪️People consuming 6.9 to 11.7 mg of lutein per day through diet had the lowest risk of developing AMD and cataracts.

45. Structure

46. Uses ▪️Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).- People who consume higher amounts of lutein in their diet have a reduced risk of developing AMD. However, increasing dietary intake of lute in might not reduce the risk of AMD in people who already havea high intake of lutein. Taking lutein supplements for up to 12 months can improve some symptoms of AMD, but it does not seem to prevent AMD from becoming worse. ▪️Cataracts. Some studies suggest that eating higher amounts of lutein might decrease the risk of developing cataracts. Also, early research suggests that taking lutein three times weekly for up to 2 years can improve vision in elderly people with cataracts.

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48. Crosin

49. ▪️Chemical formula: C44H64024. ▪️Synonyms : Saffron, Hay saffron, Kesar. ▪️Source: Crocus consists of dried stigmas and upper parts of styles of plant known as "Crocus sativus. ▪️Family: Iridaceae. ▪️Geographical source :India (Kashmir), Spain (Principal produced-80%), France,Greece. ▪️Constituents: Red coloring matter (Crocin), Crocetin, Bitter principle picrocrocin and traces of volatile oil Protoocrocin (Glycoside), during drying splits in to two molecule, 2 picrocrocin + 1 crocin. ▪️Crocin on hydrolysis crocetin and gentiobiose, Picrocrocin on hydrolysis Glucose and Safranal. ▪️Crocins are responsible for blue colour when treated with conc.

50. Crocetin: C20H2404 Dry stigma + H2S04 drop, blue, gradually changing to purple and finally purplish red Saffron imparts yellowish orange brown color to water Use: Coloring agent (Food dye) and Flavoring agent, Antispasmodic, Emmenagogue and Stimulant Substitutes/Adulterant: Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower), impart orange color to alcohol (not with authentic) Weight of drug is increased by Glycerin and Ammonium nitrate and can be déteeted by determining

51. Structure of crosin

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53. Organo sulphur ▪️Organosulfur compound, also spelled organosulphur compound, also called organic sulfur compound, a subclass of organic substances that contain sulfur and that are known for their varied occurrence and unusual properties. ▪️Organosulfur compounds occur in the bodies of all living creatures in the form of certain essential amino acids (such as cysteine, cystine, and methionine, which are components of proteins), of the tripeptide glutathione, and of enzymes, coenzymes, vitamins, and hormones.

54. Examples of Organo sulphur compounds

55. Allium cepa

56. Kingdom : Plantae Division :Magnoliophyta Class : Lilopsida Order. : Asparagales Family. : Alliaceae Genus. : Allium Species. : Allium cepa

57. ▪️Onion also known as the bulb onion or common onion is widely used as salad or cooked in various ways in all curries, fried, boiled or baked. ▪️Onion is also used in processed forms e.g. flakes, powder paste, pickles etc. ▪️It has very good medicinal value. ▪️The word onion comes from the Latin word unio, which means "single," or "one" reflecting of the onion plant producing a single bulb, unlike its cousin, the garlic, that produces many small bulbs. ▪️The name also describes the onion bulb when cut down the middle; it is a union (also from unio) of many separate, concentrically arranged layers. ▪️Onions are high in vitamin C, a good source of fibre, and with only 45 calories per serving, add abundant flavour to a wide variety of food. ▪️Onions are sodium, fat, and cholesterol free, and provide a number of other key nutrients.

58. Odour of onion ▪️The strong smell of the onion and its relatives contain thioallyl compound or alliins ▪️When cut or crushed, the alliin within the onion is converted by an enzymatic reaction into allicin, this breaks down into sulfide compounds. ▪️Sulfide compounds are aromatic and this is what gives the onion, and all the plants in the onion family, their distinctive smell.

59. Types of onions Onions vary in colour, size, the time of year harvested, and flavor. These differences make onions very versatile. The Colour of Onions. I.Yellow Onions are full-flavored and are a reliable standby for cooking almost anything. Yellow onions turn a rich, dark brown when cooked and give French Onion Soup its tangy sweet flavour. II. Red Onions, with their wonderful colour, are a good choice for lots of fresh uses or for grilling and roasting. III.White Onions are often used in prepared salads, white sauces, and is the traditional onion for classic Mexican cuisine. They have a golden colour and sweet flavour when sautéed

60. Phyto-chemicals Quercetin Iron Di. tri-sulfidesProteins &Vinyl dithiins Magnesium Folic acid VitaminC Sodiumn Dietary fiber Calcium

61. Formation of major Organosulfur compounds in onion

62. Health benefits ▪️The phytochemicals in onions improve the working of Vitamin C in the body, thus gifting you with improved immunity. ▪️Onions contain chromium, which assists in regulating blood sugar. ▪️️For centuries, on ions have been used to reduce inflammation and heal infections. ▪️Raw onion encourages the production of good cholesterol (HDL), thus keeping your heart healthy. ▪️A powerful compound called quercetin in onions is known to play a significant role in preventing cancer. ▪️Onions scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing your risk of developing gastric ulcers and by preventing growth of the ulcer-forming microorganism, Heliobacter pylori.

63. Uses ▪️The main purpose of onion is cooking other than that it is used for : ▪️Treating bronchial pneumonia ▪️Curing cough ▪️To treat sore throats ▪️To treat bee stings ▪️To cure earache ▪️It also boosts immune system

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65. Annium sativum

66. Garlic SYNONYMS : Lehsun and wonder food. CENTER OF ORIGIN : ASIA Mode of POLLINATION : Cross pollinated KINGDOM- PLANTAE SUBKINGDOM TRACHEBIONTA SUPER DIVISION- SPERMATOPHYTA CLASS - MONOcOTYLEDONS SUBCLASS LILIIDAE ORDER- LILLALES FAMILY- ALLIACEAE GENUS - ALLIUM SPECIES - SATIVUM

67. Introduction GARLIC,latin name, allium sativum(alliaceae). garlic has been used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Today galic is a widely recognised health enhancing supplement ,used for heart and immune system, antioxidant property .since it is reported that it has 100 biologically useful secondary metabolites. The active component in garlic is sulfur compound allicin.

68. Medical history of garlic ▪️It is reported that in ancient Egypt, the workers who had to build the great pyramids were fed their daily share of garlic as a form of healthy prolongation ▪️In China, garlic tea has long been recommended for fever, headache, and cholera ▪️In rural Japan, miso-soup containing garlic is used as remedy for the common cold with headache, fever and sort throat ▪️Early 1853, the famous microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, performed several original work showing that garlic could kill bacteria

69. The protective power of garlic Garlic is effective against bacteria, even antibiotic-resistant strains, fungi and viruses Allicin is responsible for this activity and age and cooking destroys this property. Bacteria susceptible to garlic indude species from staphylococcus, Escherichia, proteus, Solmonella, Ctrobacter, klebsiella, Aeromonas, Vibrio and Bacillus genera. It is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori also. Fungi susceptible to garlic in lab tests include the genera-Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Candida albicans. Garlic used to treat roudworm and hookworm infestations, leismaniasis and amoebiasis. Garlic as an antibiotic

70. Varieties of Garlic ▪️HARD NECKED GARLICS 1.PURPLE STRIPE GARLIC E.g. chesnok red ,pursian star 2.CREOLE GARLIC E.g.creole red 3.PORCELAIN GARLIC E.g. zemo, music, rumanian red 4.ROCAMBOLE GARLIC E.g.german red ▪️SOFT NECKED GARLICS 1.Artichoke garlicsE.g.chinese purple 2.siverskin garlic E.g.burgundy

71. Free compounds isolated from garlic bulb Ajoene Dimethyl sulfides Disulfides Allicin Allin Glutathione Allyl disulfides Methionine Methyl sulfides Allyl sulfides Allyl trisulfides Pseudoscordinine Scordinine Cycloallin Cysteine Sulfanes Tetrathiol Cysteine sulfoxides Thiosulifinates Cystine Diallyl sulfides Trisulfides

72. Major Organosulfur compounds present in garlic preparation

73. 🔹️Garlic and Cancer Ancient Egyptians, Indians, and Greeks all used garlic externally to treat tumors Studies in China and Switzerland link regular garlic consumption with decreased risk for stomach and colorectal cancers 🔹Tumor Growth Inhibition ▪️Allicin shown to arrest leukemia cells at Ga-M phase boundary - Similar arrest in colon cancer cells from DADS ▪️Garlic extract induces apoptosis in NSCLC cells - Modulation of apoptosis-associated proteins? ▪️Diallyl disulfide activates caspase-3 pathway in human breast cancer cells

74. Uses Has been used for medicinal purpose since ancient times Antibiotic action Reduces cholesterol and blood pressure Prevents stomach cancer Has wound healing potential Feasibility as pesticide i.e. garlic extract with mineral oil, water and liquid soap Antibacterial effect Application of Aged Garlic Extract (AGE reduces severity of P.infestans in tomato and Cucumber downy mildew. (P. cubensis) *Pungency is due to Diallyl disulphide (60%) and Allyl propyl disulphide (20%).

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76. Important Allium species Allium cepa - Common onion Allium sativum- Garlic Allium cepa var. aggregatum - Potato onion or multiplier Allium cepa var. ascalonicum onion. Allium cepa var. viviparum - Tree onion. Allium fistulosum - Welsh onion or Japanese bunching onion. Allium porrum Allium ampeloprasum - Great headed garlic. Allium schoenoprasum- Chive Allium tuberosum- Chinese chive. Leaves are consumed as leafy vegetable.

77. Quinones Quinones are oxygen-containing compounds which are essentially the oxidized homologs of aromatic derivatives, and are characterized by a 1,4-diketo-cyclohexa-2,5-diene pattern (para-quinones), or possibly, by a 1,2-diketo-cyclohexa-3,5-diene pattern (ortho-quinones). In naturally occuring quinones, the dione is conjugated to an aromatic nucleus (benzoquinones), or conjugated to a condensed polycyclic aromatic system: naphthalene (naphthoquinones), anthracene (anthraquinones) 1,2-benzanthracene (anthracyclinones), naphthodianthrane (napyhrodianthrones), perylene, phenanthrene, and so on.

78. Naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones are yellow or orangy pigments essentially from plants, and are characteristic of some Angiosperm families, including Ebenaceae, Droseraceae, and Bignoniacee. They are almost 1,4- naphthoquinones, and they are in very rare cases 1,2- naphthoquinones. Lawsone

79. Chitrak

80. Synonyms :- white leadwort, chitrak Mula, Agnisikha, Ceylonische,Vahni,Kodiveli, Lead wort Biological name :- Plumbago zeylanica Family :- Plumbaginaceae Biological source :- It is dried root part of Plumbago zeylanica Distribution :-found throughout India, It is also cultivated at some places

81. Plants parts used :- Root, bark, seed

82. Chemical Constituents Plumbagin 3-chloroplumbagin 3,3’-biplumbagin Plumbagic acid Xanthylietin Xanthoxylatin. Major Others (minor) Catechol tannins Glucos Steroidal glycoside Vanillic acid Sistosterol

83. ▪️Root contains an acrid crystalline principle called 'Plumbagin. ▪️Plumbagin is present in all the varieties of plumbago to a maximum of about 0.91% Plumbagin

84. Uses ▪️The root of this herb is a powerful acro-narcotic poison. It causes abortion. It will expel fetus, dead or alive. ▪️The root of the herb is used in cases of enlarged spleen ▪️This herb is used as part of many ayurvedic compound remedies for rubifacient applications. ▪️Root reduced to a paste is applied to abscesses to open them. A paste made of milk, vinegar, or salt and water may be applied in leprosy and other obstinate skin diseases, unhealthy ulcers, scabies etc.

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86. Heena

87. Name:- Lawsonia inermis Family :- Lythraceae Heena consist of dried leaves of Lawsonia inermis belonging to family Lythraceae It is cultivated as a garden plant throughout the India Flowers are numerous, small with rose coloured fragrance

88. History of heena Henna tattoos, or the more traditional term, Mehndi, has been used for over 5,000 years It started in Egypt, but evolved and became popular all over the Middle East. It was used mainly for ceremonies or life changing events Such as marriages or childbirth. Henna has always been very popular in India.

89. Chemical Constituents The leaves contains soluble matter Lawsone. This quinone dissolves in alkaline solution to give an intence red colour. Henn leaf also contains flavonoids, coumarins and xanthones.

90. Cosmetics uses ▪️It is used in cosmetic preparation in many ways as colouring and cosmetic ingredients. ▪️It has been used as a hair colour, nail colour and decoration purpose. ▪️The drug is widely used in cosmetology for its dyeing properties due to strong binding property of lawsone to hairs. ▪️It is also used in the form of shampoo and hair lotions. ▪️Henna is used in ayurvedic preparation for the treatment of skin ailments, burns and wounds.

91. Medicinal uses ▪️Henna is used for the severe diarrhea jaundice, enlarged spleen and skin problem ▪️Now-a-days ,people also use henna for severe ulcer. ▪️Henna contain the substances which help to fight with certain infections. ▪️ It may reduce the growth of tumors ,relive pain ,decrease inflammation.

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93. Benzoquinone a yellow crystalline water-soluble unsaturated ketone manufactured from aniline and used in the production of dyestuffs. Formula: C 6 H 4 O 2Also called: quinone Systematic name: cyclohexadiene-1,4-quinone

94. Vidanga – Embelia ribes

95. Vidanga is one of the powerful anti-parasitic herbs of Ayurveda. It is widely used against intestinal worm infestation. Its botanical name is Embelia ribes. It is called False black pepper because it mimics pepper in appearance. Botanical Name– Embelia ribes Burm. F Family– MYRSINACEAE – Vidanga Kula. Distribution:- It is distributed throughout India. It is also cultivated.

96. ▪️Hindi Name-Vaividang, Vay Vidang, Baibidang, Bhabhirang ▪️Marathi Name– Bavidang ▪️Sanskrit Synonyms:- Jantuhantri, Krimighna – useful in worm infestation Chitra Tandula – The seeds contain white streaks Amogha, Vella, Kairali, Tandula, Gahvara.

97. Part used, dosage Part used– Fruits, root Dosage– Powder 3-5 g per day, in divided dose is the usual prescribed dose. To relieve worm infestation it is given in a dose of 5 – 10 grams Major chemical constituents:- Embelin, Christembine, Homoembelin, Vilangine, Quercitol etc.

98. Embelin Homoembelin

99. Uses/Therapeutic benefits Of all the herbs used in treating worm infestation, Vidanga is the best. Bacteriocidal It is useful in dental carries, toothache, etc eases the movement of contents in the intestinal track. Vidanga is an essential ingredient in many anti-microbial medicines like Sanjivani Vati and Panchanimbadi Vati. It detoxifies blood, hence useful in wide range of skin diseases. It is useful against vomiting, bloating, indigestion, gastritis and constipation. It is widely used in weight loss treatment. Hence ingredient of many medicines like Amrutadi Guggulu Vidanga itself is a mild laxative.

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