Pipe Materials and The Types of Joints.ppt

Pipe and material used for pipes manufacturing and availability in market

1. Pipe Materials and Types of
Joints

2. Types of pipe materials
•MetallicPipes:
–Unlinedmetallicpipes–
•CastIron(C.I)
•GalvanizedIron(G.I)
•MildSteel(M.S)
•Ductilesteel(D.I)
–Metallicpipeslinedwithcementmortarorepoxylining
•Nonmetallicpipes
–ReinforcedConcrete,Pre-stressedConcrete,Bar
WrappedSteelCylinderConcrete,AsbestosCement
–Plasticpipes:PVC,Polyethylene,GlassReinforced
Plastic,UPVCetc.

3. Cast Iron pipes
Galvanized Iron pipes
Mild steel pipes

4. Reinforced concrete pipes Asbestos cement pipes
Prestressed pipes
PVC pipes

5. HDPEPolyethylene pipes
Stoneware pipes

6. CAST IRON (C.I) PIPES
•Widelyusedforcitywatersupplies
•Sufficientlycorrosionresistant
•Availableinlengthsofabout3.7and5.5mand
diametersof50–900mm
•Manufacturingmethods:
–Sandmoulding
•CastinginHorizontalposition–“McWane”pipes
•Castinginverticalposition–“Pitcastpipes”
–Centrifugalprocess
•Sandspunpipes–madeinsandmoulds
•Delavaudpipes–madeinmetallicmoulds

7. Advantages and Disadvantages of C.I
pipes
•Advantages
–Cost –moderate
–Economical
–Strong and durable
–Corrosive resistant if coated
–Easy to join
–Resists impact without damage
•Disadvantages
–Interior of pipe becomes rough with age –discharge
carrying capacity is reduced
–Large dia pipes are heavy and hence uneconomical
–Likely to break during transportation or jointing

8. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
•GIpipeswithcircumferentialcorrugationsare
muchmorestrongerthanordinaryone.
•Hencetheyareusedwherelargediapipesof
smallerthicknessisrequired.
•Widelyusedforinternalconnectionsin
buildings.
•GIpipesarenotcastbutmadebyrivetingor
weldingsteelplates

9. •Advantages
–Cheap
–Light–easytohandleandtransport
–Easytojoin
–LessFrictionallosses
•Disadvantages
–Lifeisshort–7to10yrs
–Easilyaffectedbyacidicandalkalicwaters–
incrustationsformeasilyinsidethepipe

10. CEMENT CONCRETE PIPES
•Plaincementconcretepipes–smallsizes(dia0.6m)
•Reinforcedcementconcretepipes–largesizes(dia1.8
mupto4.5m)
•ManufacturingMethods(basedonlocation)
–Castin-situ
–Precast
•ManufacturingprocessofRCCpipes
–Ordinarymethodsofconcretepouringandtamping
–Centrifugaltype
–Cylindertype

11. •Mixused–1:2:2withmax.aggregatesizeas6mm
•Diameter:0.1mto1.2m
•Thickness:2.5cmto6.5cm
•Forheadgreaterthan30m,Prestressedpipesare
used.
–Laidwithaweldedsteelcylindertoensurewater
tightness.
–Hightensilewireiswoundaroundittocause
prestressingofthecore.
–Concreteislaidbycentrifugally.
–Availableindiarangingfrom80mmto1800mm.

12. •Advantages
–Insideofpipeissmoothhencefrictionlossesarelow.
–Durable.
–Lowmaintenancecost.
–Lifeisatleast75years.
–Resistexternalcompressiveloadsanddonotcollapse
undernominalvacuumsandtrafficloads.
–Easytoconstructatsiteoratfactorieswithlocal
ingredients
–Noneedofexpansionjointswhenlaidabovethe
ground.
–Iflaidunderwater,emptypipesdonotfloatbecause
oftheirheavyweights

13. •Disadvantages
–Heavyanddifficulttohandle.
–Likelytocrackduringtransportation.
–Repairworkisdifficult.
–Likelytocorrodebygroundwaterduetothe
presenceofacids,alkalisorsulphurcompounds.
–Cannotwithstandveryhighpressures.
–Difficulttojoin
–Tendtoleakduetoshrinkagecracksandporosity

14. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPES
•Usedforcarryingsewageanddrainageatpartial
depths.
•Notusedaspressurepipesforcarryingwaters
sinceclayisveryweakintensionandformation
ofwatertightjointsbecomesdifficult.
•Freefromcorrosion
•Provideasmoothhydraulicallyefficientsurface.
•Availableinlengthsofabout0.6m.

15. ASBESTOS PIPES
•Asbestos,silicaandcementareconvertedunder
pressuretoadensehomogeneousmaterial–Asbestos
cementpossessinghighstrength.
•Asbestosfiberservesasreinforcement
•Diameters:10to90cm
•Length:4m
•Madein4differentgradestowithstandpressureof350
kN/m
2
to1400kN/m
2
asperIS1592-1989.
•UsedasdistributionmainsinIndia.
•Canwithstandpressurefrom50to250mheadofwater
dependingonthetypeandclassofmanufacture.

16. •Advantages
–Lightandeasytotransport
–Easilyassembledwithoutskilledlabour
–Highlycorrosionresistant
–Highlyflexibleandallows12°deflectioninlayingthem
aroundcurves.
–Expansionjointsarenotrequired
–Usedassmallsizedistributionpipes
•Disadvantages
–Costly
–Notmuchstrength,brittleandsoft.
–Liabletogetdamagedbyexcavationtoolsorduring
transportationortransits.
–Rubberjointsealsmaydeteriorateifexposedtogasolineor
petroleumproducts.
–Cannotbeusedforhighpressure.

17. POLYETHYLENE PIPES
•RigidPVCandHighDensityPolyEthylenepipes(HDPE)–
waterdistributionsystems
•Diarangesfrom15to150mmandsometimesupto350mm.
•Advantages
–HDPEpipesarerigidandtough.
–Thesepipescanbejoinedwithdetachablejointsandcanbe
detachedatthetimeofshiftingthepipeline.
–Easilybentininstallation
–Eliminatestheuseofspecialslikebends,elbowsetc.,
–Easytocarryandinstall.
–Lighterinweightandcanbecarriedtoheights
–Hasexcellentfreeflowingproperties
–Non-adherentsurfacessothatitrejectstheforeignmaterials
–Anti-corrosive
–Frictionandpressurelossisless

18. JOINTS IN PIPES
•Categoriesofjointsdependingupontheircapacityof
movement
–Rigidjoints-Nomovement
•Flanged
–Requiresperfectalignment
–Closefittingsarefrequentlyused
–Gaskets–compressedfiberboardornaturalorsyntheticrubber
•Weldedandturned
–Producecontinuouslineofpipes
•Boredjoints
–Semirigidjoints
•Spigotandsocketwithcaulkedleadjoint
–Flexiblejoints
•Comprisesmechanicalandrubberringjointsortytonjoints
•Allowssomedegreeofdeflection–abletostandvibrationand
movement

19. Types of joints in cast iron pipes
•Socket and spigot joint
•Flanged joint
•Mechanical joint
•Flexible joint
•Expansion joint

20. Socket and Spigot Joint
•Alsoknownasbelland
spigotjoint.
•Enlargedend–bellor
socket
•Normalend–spigot
•Quantityofleadneeded
perjoint–3.5to4kgfor
15cmdiapipe,toabout45
to50kgfor1.2mdiapipe.
•Somewhatflexiblejoint
•Allowsthepipestobelaid
onflatcurveswithoutany
specials.

21. Flanged joint
•Rigidandstrong
•Cannotusedwhere
deflectionsorvibrations
areexpected.
•Expensiveandmostly
usedforindoorworks–
pumpingstations,filter
plants.

22. Mechanical joint or dresser coupling
•Usedtojointheplain
endsofCIpipes
•Strongandrigid
•Can withstand
vibrations-usefulfor
pipestobecarriedover
bridgesorbelow
bridgesinhangers.

23. Flexible joint
•Usedwherelargescale
flexibilitiesarerequired.
–Ex:Riverwithuneven
beds,oncurves.
•Socket–spherical
•Spigot–plainend
havingbead.

24. Expansion joint
•Providedatsuitable
intervalsinthepipeline–
tocounteractthethermal
stressesproduced
•Socketendiscastflanged
•Spigotendisplain
•Onexpansion,socketend
movesforward,thegap
(equaltoL.α.T)just
closed.
•Oncontraction,thesocket
endmovesbackward
creatinggap.

25. Joints in Galvanized steel pipes
•Generally, steel pipes of different lengths are
connected by riveted or welded joints.
•Expansion joints are not required in steel
pipes which are buried under the ground,
because they are not subjected to large
temperature stresses
•Pipes which are exposed to atmosphere may
require expansion joints to minimise
temperature stresses.

26. Typical expansion joint for steel pipes

27. Joint in Hume steel pipes

28. Joint in Asbestos Cement pipes –
Simplex joint