pipleling hazard SN PERFOEMANCE OPTIMAZITION

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1. Presentation on Pipeline Hazards and Performance Optimization . Presented by: 2301090017 SHIBASIS NANDA 2301090018 SHEETAL PRADHAN 2301090019 SAPTADIPA JAYSINGH 2301090020 PRIYANSA PRIYADARSNI PANI 2301090021 KUNDAN SINGH 2301090022 SUSANTA SEKHAR PALAI

2. Content INTRODUCTION TYPES OF PIPELINE HAZARDS ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE HOW TO COVERCOME FROM PIPELINE HAZARD CONCLUSION

3. Introduction to Pipeline Hazards 1 Instruction Fetching Fetching instructions from memory to execute in the processor pipeline. 2 Instruction Decoding Decoding the fetched instructions to determine the required operations. 3 Instruction Execution Executing the decoded instructions to perform the desired computations. WHAT IS PIPELINE HAZARDS? Pipeline Hazards are often seen as missteps in the optimisation of processes within the pipelining concept. Understanding pipeline hazards require a solid comprehension of how pipelining works in the first place. In a nutshell, pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are overlapped during execution.

4. Different Types of Pipeline Hazards

5. Data Hazards Data hazards occur when there is a conflict in the access or use of operand data. These can be categorized into three types: read-after-write (RAW), write-after-read (WAR), and write-after-write (WAW). A RAW hazard, also known as a true dependency, occurs when an instruction depends on the result of a previous instruction. A WAR hazard occurs when an instruction depends on the reading of a value before that value is overwritten by a previous instruction. A WAW hazard occurs when a value is written by an instruction before the previous instruction writes that value. Example: ADD R1← R2+R3 SUB R4← R1- R5 AND R6←R1 AND R7 OR R8← R1 OR R9 XOR R10 ← R1 XOR R11

6. Control Hazards It is one of the most complex types of pipeline hazards because of their connection to the control flow of the program. It come from the pipelining of branches and other instructions that cause changes to the PC (Program Counter).

7. Advantages of pipeline hazards Safety: Mitigating pipeline hazards reduces the risk of accidents, injuries, and fatalities for workers and the public. Environmental Protection: Minimizing pipeline hazards helps prevent spills and leaks that can harm ecosystems, wildlife, and water sources. Financial Stability: By avoiding accidents and associated cleanup costs, companies can maintain financial stability and avoid potential liabilities. Operational Efficiency: Managing pipeline hazards can lead to improved operational efficiency by reducing downtime for maintenance and repairs\ Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with safety regulations ensures that pipeline operators meet legal requirements, avoiding fines and penalties. Public Trust: Demonstrating a commitment to managing pipeline hazards enhances public trust and perception of the industry, which is crucial for maintaining social license to operate.

8. Disadvantages of pipeline hazards Safety Risks:Pipeline hazards can lead to accidents, injuries, and fatalities for workers and nearby communities. Environmental Damage:Spills and leaks from pipeline hazards can contaminate soil, waterways, and ecosystems, causing long-term environmental damage. Financial Losses:Pipeline incidents result in financial losses due to cleanup expenses, property damage, legal liabilities, and regulatory fines. Public Health Concerns: Exposure to hazardous materials released from pipelines can pose risks to public health, including respiratory issues and other adverse health effects. Reputation Damage:Pipeline incidents can tarnish the reputation of companies involved, leading to loss of public trust, investor confidence, and stakeholder support. Legal Consequences:Pipeline hazards can result in lawsuits, litigation, and regulatory scrutiny, leading to legal consequences and reputational damage for companies responsible.

9. HOW TO COVERCOME FROM PIPELINE HAZARD 1 5 3 4 2 Implement proper equipment maintenance and inspection protocols to detect potential issues early. Provide comprehensive employee training on safety procedures and hazard recognition Utilize engineering controls such as pressure relief valves and automatic shutdown systems. Regularly monitor pipeline conditions using advanced technology like sensors and predictive analytics. Develop and enforce strict operating procedures to minimize human error and ensure compliance with safety regulations.

10. Techniques for Mitigating Pipeline Hazards Stalling Inserting pipeline bubbles to delay instruction execution and resolve hazards. Flushing Discarding instructions in the pipeline to recover from control hazards. Bypassing Forwarding results directly to the appropriate pipeline stage to avoid data hazards. Reordering Dynamically rearranging instructions to avoid hazards and improve performance.

11. Conclusion: pipeline hazards pose significant risks to personnel, the environment, and infrastructure. However, through a combination of proactive maintenance, effective training, advanced technology, and robust safety protocols, these risks can be mitigated to ensure the safe and reliable operation of pipelines. Constant vigilance and adherence to best practices are essential to minimizing the occurrence and impact of pipeline hazards.