Planning Policy

Planning Policy

1. Public Administration & Policy Planning What is Public Policy Planning? Why to Plan? Planning Vs Strategic Management Issues and Challenges in Public Policy Planning

2. Planning Planning is a management function It consists of; Developing public policies and programs, P utting them into action, and M easuring their success or failure. formal planning process helps identify the need for new policies Planning involves either public policy analysis or program design or both.

3. Planning Planning is derived from the French word ‘ prevoyance ’, which means to look ahead. According to Dimock and Dimock “ Planning is an organized attempt to anticipate and to make rational arrangements for dealing with future problems by projecting trends.” According to Simon, Smithburg and Victor A. Thomson : “Planning is that activity that concern itself with proposal for future, evaluation of alternative proposals and with method by which these proposals may be achieved.”

4. Why Planning? Sound Economic Development Equitable Growth Effective coordination for project management Mega projects need sound understanding which comes from planning Planning sets direction of the country and the nation We priorities for best use of limited national resources Regional Integration Global Commitments

5. Levels of Planning Planning with respect to Scope Global Development Agenda Regional Planning National level Provincial level Organization level Department level Unit level Personal level Planning with respect to time Visionary Planning Beyond 10 Years Long-Term Planning 10 Years Plans Medium-Term Planning 3-5 Years Short-Term Planning 1 Year

6. Public Policy Planning, Implementation and Evaluation Public Policy Formulation Need/Gap Analysis Setting Policy Framework Feasibility Studies Project Design Project Approval Public Policy Implementation Project Activation Cash & Work Plans Monitoring/Controls Progress Reports and Review Public Policy Evaluation Project Closure Project Review and Analysis Impact Analysis Accountability

7. 7-Step Planning Process 1 . Recognizing the Need for planning (Gap Analysis) Set Mission, Goal, and Objectives Forecast the Future (Environment Assessment) 4 . Determine Policy Alternatives 5 . Evaluate Alternatives :Select a C ourse of Action 6 . Implementing the Plan 7 . Review and Impact Analysis of the Plan Policy Formulation Policy Execution Policy Evaluation

8. 1. Need Assessment/Gap Analysis The gap is the difference between what is actual and what is desired The team of planners assess the need for a specific policy initiative. Need assessment is done to avoid ‘reinventing the wheel’ It is done through focal group discussions, preliminary data gathering, and prefeasibility studies. In public sector due to political exigencies certain programs may skip need assessment/gap analysis stage

9. 2. Set Mission, Goal, and Objectives A   mission statement  is used by a public agency to express its purpose(s) of existence. The   mission statement  is usually one sentence or a short paragraph, explaining its culture, values, and existence. mission statement provides guideline for future decisions and a standard against which to measure performance. Mission Statement of Energy Department… Provision of sustainable, clean, green, and cheap energy to consumers.

10. 2. Set Mission, Goal, and Objectives …… conti goal statement  includes Specific , Measurable, Attainable, Results-based, and Time-bound action.   Example; The Energy Department’s Goal is to double the energy generation in 10 years . The Objectives are derived from the overall goal and in our case these may be; Obj-1: 3000 MW in 3 years Obj-2: 5500 MW in 5 years Obj-3 10000 MW in 10 years

11. 3. Forecast the Future (Environment Assessment) Planning tools are used to forecast the future Trend Analysis Statistical Data Projections Tools Standard Deviation Model Computer Models (Scenarios Development) Environment Assessment SWOT Analysis PESTL Competitive Market Assessment

12. 4. Determine Policy Alternatives Policy alternatives are the options the public agency considers relevant to its goal achievement. In this stage the planning team just list down all possible alternatives which are relevant Example: 5 Policy Alternatives for Energy Generation i) Hydel ii)Coal iii)Nuclear iv)Solid waste v)Solar/Wind

13. 5 -a) Evaluate Alternatives Criteria are set to assess and evaluate all the selected alternatives Weightages are assigned Alternatives are ranked and judged The best alternative is selected which gets maximum score Different tools are used to evaluate alternatives; Cost-benefit Analysis Break-even Analysis Profitability Index IRR , NPV Sustainability analysis

14. Assessment of Alternatives Criteria Weightage Hydel Power Coal Power Plants Nuclear Solar/Wind Projects Solid-waste to Energy Project Cost 100 35 60 55 85 80 Completion Time 10 5 7 6 8 8 Plant Efficiency 100 65 40 90 55 80 Plant Life 10 8 3 9 6 7 Env . Sustainability 50 8 1 8 10 8 270 121 111 168 164 183

15. 5-b. Select a Course of Action Solid waste-to-energy project ranks top Nuclear power plants second priority Solar/Wind Third Hydel Fourth Coal Fifth ranking Decision making in public sector is influenced by politics more than any thing else In this scenario the team of planners may select hydel and solar/wind projects. Even if the energy crisis is serious the govt. may select coal projetcs

16. 6. Implementing the Plan It is putting the alternative(s) so selected into action Project/program execution mode Project activation, ground breaking Hiring of HR , Procurement of services, supply-chain management Activities are designed and operations management (MS-Project) Tools are available for project execution and monitoring pace of work

17. 6. Implementing the Plan …. conti Financial and human resources are allocated and mobilized organizational structures and systems are devised internal policies and procedures must be developed. Project authorities issue and enforce directives , disbursing funds award contracts analyze operational problems and taking corrective measures Negotiating with citizens, business and suppliers

18. 7. Program Evaluation Program/project closure Completion status and laying off of resources Handing/taking of project to concerned agencies responsible for day-to-day operations of the facility Impact assessment Accountability

19. 7. Program Evaluation … conti program evaluation checks each policy or program’s; Direction through goal achievement- outcomes evaluation Performance-focus on the results of program activity Effectiveness-process evaluations Sustainability Policy/program evaluation is done by; Legislators Cabinet Administrative agencies Judiciary in certain cases Several legislative groups conduct or sponsor evaluation Even public opinion, media and pressure groups also influence both policy implementation and evaluation phases

20. Issues and Challenges in Planning A slow moving process Poor/non-professional style of projects assessments, analysis, and impact evaluation Hasty approvals and last moment summary enactments by the legislature Corruption and professional dishonesty leads to project delays and in certain cases failure during implementation

21. Issues and Challenges in Planning …. conti Weak mechanisms of accountability Political interference in the public programs and projects Little concern for linking project performance with employee rewards system Unnecessary litigations and courts’ interventions

22. Q&A