Plant and Animal Nutrition.pptx

Plant and Animal Nutrition for SHS General Biology 2
Includes processes involve in acquiring nutrition of both plants and animals.

1. PLANT AND ANIMAL NUTRITION General Biology 2 JENA-LYN L. SORIANO

2. MELCS Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/ circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms

3. LESSON OBJECTIVES After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Identify the parts and functions of organs and organ system in the acquisition of nutrition both in plants and animals; 2. Distinguish the processes and/or stages of acquiring nutrition of both plants and animals; and 3. Compare and contrast plant and animal nutrition

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OL1il1JrMw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_ua03zGppc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4r1pk7rG_U

5. Nutrition is defined as the assimilation of food materials by living organisms that enable them to grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce.” ( Truswell , A. Stewart, Carpenter, Kenneth and Snell, Esmond E., 2020)

6. Organisms require nutrients for their daily survival particularly for their cell growth and repair. Nutrients are chiefly procured from the environment.

7. 2 Types of Organisms based on their process of acquiring foods: 1. Autotrophic Organisms – those that manufacture their own foods 2. Heterotrophic Organisms – those that require foods from other sources (bacteria, fungi and other animals since these organisms do not manufacture organic substances.)

8. Another way living organisms are classified is according to the energy source they utilize. Phototrophic, or photosynthetic are organisms that trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy Chemoautotrophic, or chemosynthetic are organisms that utilize inorganic or organic compounds to supply their energy requirements. Lithotrophic are organisms that utilized the electron-donor materials to form reduced coenzymes consist of inorganic compounds. Organotrophic are organisms that utilize organic materials.

9. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS WHAT IS IT? nutrients that cannot be created by animals’ metabolism must come from food .

10. MINERALS WHAT IS IT? inorganic essential nutrients that must also be obtained from food. Minerals help in cell structure and regulation ; they are also considered co-factors .

11. Essential amino acids WHAT IS IT? must be procured from food and cannot be synthesized by the body. The human body can synthesize only 11 of the 20 required amino acids. The rest must be obtained from food.

12. Cellular respiration WHAT IS IT? is the process of obtaining energy used for metabolism from the breakdown of food.

13. Animals can be classified as HERBIVORES frugivores (fruit-eaters) granivores (seed-eaters) nectivores (nectar feeders) folivores (leaf eaters ) OMNIVORES “ eater of everything” CARNIVORES Obligate carnivores Facultative carnivores 01 02 03

14. INVERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Intracellular digestion Extracellular digestion a process wherein animals feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. a form of digestion that takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism takes place in animals without a digestive tract, in which food items are brought into the cell for digestion

15. VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Intracellular digestion Extracellular digestion a process wherein animals feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. a form of digestion that takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism takes place in animals without a digestive tract, in which food items are brought into the cell for digestion

16. Monogastric Digestive System Monogastric animals have a single stomach that secretes enzymes to break down food into smaller particles.

17. Ruminants Digestive System Ruminants are those animals that have four stomachs. They eat plant matter and have symbiotic bacteria living within their stomachs to help digest cellulose.

18. Pseudo-Ruminants Digestive System similar to ruminants but have a three-chambered stomach. The symbiotic bacteria that help them to break down cellulose are found in the cecum, a chamber close to the large intestine. .

19. Animal Nutrition Groups of Heterotrophic Organisms: 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Animals Bacteria and Fungi – are either saprophytic (Feed on dean animals) Parasites – survive in other organisms and procure food from their host. Animals – maybe Herbivores (feed on green plants), carnivores (feed on meat), and omnivores (feed on both plants and animals)

20. Heterothrophs require: Carbohydrate – chief energy source in animals Proteins – also needed to build muscles and are source of energy Fats – serves as energy storage.

21. Vitamins Are substances which are organic in nature and are needed in small amounts. These substances are not manufactures by animals, thus they are obtained from other food source. Group of vitamins: Fat Soluble Vitamins Water Soluble Vitamins

22. Fat Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Functions Sources A Retinol or Antixerophthalmic Maintains the integrity of Epithelial tissue; Contains the visual purple of the retina Liver, egg yolk, milk, cream, butter, cheese and green and yellow vegetables

23. Fat Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Functions Sources D Calciferol or Anti-rachitic Promotes growth of bones and teeth Margarine, butter milk, cheese, liver sardines, egg yolk

24. Fat Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Functions Sources E Tocopherol (Greek: “to bear a child”) Relates the cellular respiration Prevents hemolysis in RBC Oil from wheat and corn, soybeans (mayonnaise, salad dressing and margarine)

25. Fat Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Functions Sources K Anti - hemorrhagic Maintains the prothrombin level in blood plasma Liver, dark green leaves, wheat, beans, vegetable oils, tomatoes, tubeless seeds, legumes and egg yolk

26. Water Soluble Vitamins Liver, dark green leaves, wheat, beans, vegetable oils, tomatoes, tubeless seeds, legumes and egg yolk Holds cell intact. Converts folic acid to active form. Heals wounds and bone fractures. Prevents megaloblastic anemia. Resistance against infection. Produces steroid hormones. Influence Fe absorption. Brain metabolism Ascorbic Acid K Sources Functions Name Symbol

27. Water Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Function Sources B 1 Thiamine Needed for CHO metabolism, maintains good appetite and for normal functioning of nerves Lean pork, liver, glandular organs of pork and some shellfish, egg yolk, unpolished rice, whole grains, legumes and nuts

28. Lean pork, liver, glandular organs of pork and some shellfish, egg yolk, unpolished rice, whole grains, legumes and nuts Essential component of coenzymes flavin, monocleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinocleotide (FAD). Essential in CHO. Protein and fat metabolism maintains healthy skin, tongue, mouth, proper growth and diet. Riboflavin B 2 Sources Function Name Symbol Water Soluble Vitamins

29. Water Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Function Sources B 6 Pyridoxine Involved in amino acid metabolism Vegetable oil of corn, cotton seed , linseed, olives, peanuts, wheat and rice grain, large soybean and nuts.

30. Water Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Function Sources B 12 Cobalamin Related to protein metabolism. Essential for the normal function of nerve, bone marrow and GIT. Prevent pernicious anemia Animal proteins

31. Water Soluble Vitamins Symbol Function Sources Niacin Act as H+ and e- acceptors. Photosynthesis in plants, CO 2 fixation of animals. Important composition of coenzyme. A metabolism of CHO, protein, and fats. Maintains normal growth healthy skin and nervous system coenzyme factor in reaction involving single C fragments and synthesis of heme. Important in Erythropoiesis. Same as protein sources in plants and animals Liver, glandular organs, legumes cereals Green leafy vegetables, liver, glandular organs, legumes, cereals Name Nicotinic Acid Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Folic Acid or Pterolyglutamic acid (PGA)

32. Water Soluble Vitamins Symbol Name Function Sources H Biotin Coenzyme factor in CO 2 fixation. With active acetate (COH) helps synthesis purines, pyrimidines, fatty acids Liver glandular organs, meat, egg yolk, milk, molasses, whole grain and nuts.

33. Hypervitaminosis - is an excessive intake or accumulation of vitamins in the body.

34. Water Soluble involve in hypervitaminosis are: Vitamin C – causes diarrhea, nausea, cramps, acidification of urine, feces with therapeutic drugs, false+urine sugar test. Niacine – skin burning, flushing, itching, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea and damage of the hairs and eyes. Vitamin B 12 – allergy, shock.

35. Fat Soluble involve in hypervitaminosis are: Vitamin A – causes hair loss, potential birth defect Vitamin D – increases blood, brain and heart damage and potential birth defect Vitamin E - causes diarrhea, cramps, dizziness, blurred vision, headaches increase; serume triglycerides in women and decrease thyroid hormone in both sexes Vitamin K – Causes blood clot formation and infant jaundice.

36. Minerals Required by Animals A mineral is defined as inorganic element containing no carbon that remains as ash when food is burned. Minerals maybe group into two (2): Macrominerals and Microminerals - These minerals are used by animals in their inorganic state.

37. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Calcium Strengthens bones and teeth; involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, blood clotting, water balance, nerve function Milk and milk products, green leafy vegetables, legumes, fortified foods, almonds, fish (with bones), tofu

38. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Phosphorus Involved in calcification of teeth and bones, acid-base balance, energy metabolism Meat, poultry, fish, milk, soft drinks, processed foods, whole grains, eggs

39. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Potassium Facilitates many reactions, especially protein synthesis, water balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction Meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes

40. Vitamin-like Factors Taurine – is similar to amino acid. It regulates the brain and heart functions. Carmitine or Vitamin B – strengthens heart muscles (heart vitamins).

41. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Sulfur Component of protein; part of biotin, thiamin, insulin All protein-containing foods

42. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Sodium Promotes acid-base balance, water balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle activity Salt, soy sauce, processed foods: cured, canned, pickled, and many prepackaged foods

43. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Chloride Part of stomach acid, acid base balance, water balance Table salt, soy sauce; processed foods Magnesium Involved in protein synthesis, muscle contraction, nerve transmission Whole grains, nuts, legumes, chocolate, meat, dark green leafy vegetables, seafood, cocoa

44. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Iron Hemoglobin formation, part of myoglobin in muscles; used in energy utilization Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried fruits, fortified cereals and grains

45. Macrominerals Mineral Function Sources Zinc Part of insulin and enzymes; vitamin A transport; wound healing; fetus and sperm development; immunity; promotes enzyme activity and metabolism Protein-containing foods: red meat, seafood, oysters, clams, poultry, eggs, dairy, grains

46. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Selenium Antioxidant; works with vitamin E; immune system response Seafood, meats, grains

47. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Manganese Essential for normal bone development; activates enzymes Whole grains, legumes, nuts, green leafy vegetables, meat, tea, coffee

48. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Copper Necessary for formation of hemoglobin; part of energy metabolism enzymes Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, seeds, legumes, peanut butter, chocolate

49. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Iodine Part of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone that influences growth and metabolism Iodized salt, seafood, bread Molybdenum Needed by some enzymes Dairy foods, meats, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, legumes

50. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Cobalt Aids in oxidation reactions As part of vitamin B12, aids in nerve function and blood formation Legumes, cereals, grains, organ meats, Meats, milk, and milk products

51. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Chromium Enhances effect of insulin; aids in metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids Mushrooms, dark chocolate, prunes, nuts, asparagus, brewer's yeast, whole grains, vegetable oils

52. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Fluoride Formation of bones and teeth; provides resistance to dental caries Drinking water (naturally occurring or fluoridated), tea, seafood Vanedium Involved in the tooth enamel formation Not stated

53. Microminerals Mineral Function Sources Nickel Associated with Fe function Not stated Silicon Enhances bone calcification and present in human cartilage Not Stated Tin Maintains protein structure or oxidation reduction Not stated

54. THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS Raw materials for photosynthesis that produce carbohydrate and oxygen: Carbon Dioxide Water Sunlight But these are not enough, plants also need: It Also Need…

55. Minerals Required by Higher Forms of Plants Major Elements Functions Nitrogen (N) An important element in the formation of amino acids, nucleic acids hormones and enzymes. Phosphorus (N) An important component in nucleic acid phospholipids, ATP and coenzymes. Potassium (K) Important in cells’ ionic balance, protein synthesis, CHO Metabolism.

56. Minerals Required by Higher Forms of Plants Major Elements Functions Sulfur (S) A major component in cystine and methionine (amino acids) and other vitamins. Magnesium (Mg) An important component in chlorophyll and an important factor in enzymes. Calcium (Ca) Influence permeability of membrane peptic salts in the middle lamellae and is important in wall formation and it activates a lot of enzymes.

57. Minerals Required by Higher Forms of Plants Minor Elements Functions Iron (Fe) An important component in heme groups (hemoglobin) present in cytochromes, peroxides, catalase, and other enzymes. Manganese (Mn) Present in many enzymes involve in cellular metabolism, photosynthesis and N metabolism.

58. Minerals Required by Higher Forms of Plants Minor Elements Functions Boron (B) No definite function but is believe to be involve in the utilization of Calcium in wall formation. Sodium (Na) Unknown function Chorine (Cl) Unknown function Zink (Zn) A component of enzymes that activates decomposition of carbonic acid to Carbon Dioxide and Water

59. Minerals Required by Higher Forms of Plants Minor Elements Functions Copper (Cu) An important component of many enzymes, catalyze oxidation reaction. Molybdenum (Mo) An important component of enzymes that reduces nitrates to nitrites; in formation nitrogen fixation of bacteria.

60. The plant roots play an important role in procuring nutrients and they also serve as energy storage (carrots and radish) and anchor themselves itself to the sail. Other types of plants like the fly trap, Venus traps – supplement their inorganic nutrients with organics nutrients from small animals and insects which they trap.

61. Root hairs greatly increase a root's absorptive surface 32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake Figure 32.2A

62. As a plant grows, its roots absorb water, minerals (inorganic ions), and some oxygen from the soil Its leaves take carbon dioxide from the air 32.1 Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air THE UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF PLANT NUTRIENTS Figure 32.1A

63. Photosynthesis makes use of the uptake of water, carbon dioxide, and minerals to produce sugars These sugars are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen The nitrogen and magnesium absorbed from the soil are components of chlorophyll Phosphorus, also absorbed from the soil, is a major component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP

64. The ability to move water from roots to leaves and to deliver sugars to specific areas of the body are remarkable feats of evolutionary engineering Figure 32.1B

65. A plant must obtain nutrients from its surroundings Macronutrients, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are needed in large amounts They are used to build organic molecules 32.6 Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients PLANT NUTRIENTS AND THE SOIL Figure 32.6B

66. Micronutrients, including iron, copper, and zinc, act mainly as cofactors or enzymes Growing plants in solutions of known composition enables researchers to determine nutrient requirements Hydroponic culture Figure 32.6A Complete solution containing all minerals (control) Solution lacking potassium (experimental)

67. Stunting, wilting, and color changes indicate nutrient deficiencies Compared to the healthy tomato plant on the left, the plant on the right is not getting enough nitrogen 32.7 Connection: You can diagnose some nutrient deficiencies in your own plants Figure 32.7A, B

68. Phosphorus deficiency is sometimes indicated by a purplish leaf color Yellow leaves can result from potassium deficiency Figure 32.7C, D

69. Soil characteristics determine whether a plant will be able to obtain the nutrients it needs to grow Fertile soil contains a mixture of small rock and clay particles They hold water and ions and allow oxygen to diffuse into plant roots 32.8 Soil contains rock particles, humus, organisms, water, and crucial solutes

70. Relationships with other organisms help plants obtain nutrients Many plants form mycorrhizae A network of fungal threads increases a plant's absorption of nutrients and water The fungus receives some nutrients from the plant 32.11 Fungi help most plants absorb nutrients from the soil Figure 32.11

71. Some plants have evolved parasitic ways of obtaining food from other plants Dodder obtains organic molecules from other plant species using specialized roots that tap into the host’s vascular tissue 32.12 The plant kingdom includes parasites and carnivores Figure 32.12A

72. Mistletoe supplements its diet by siphoning sap from the vascular tissue of its host plants Figure 32.12B

73. Carnivorous plants obtain some of their nutrients from animal tissues The sundew and Venus flytrap use insects as a source of nitrogen This nutritional adaptation enables them to thrive in highly acidic soil Figure 32.12C, D

74. Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen, gaseous N 2 , although it is very plentiful Instead, nearly all plants depend to some extent on nitrogen supplies in the soil 32.13 Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen

75. Bacteria in the soil convert N 2 from the air and nitrogen compounds from decomposing organic matter into forms that plants can take up and use Nitrate ions (N0 3 - ) and ammonium ions (NH 4 + )

76. This process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium is called nitrogen fixation Figure 32.13 ATMOSPHERE N 2 N 2 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Ammonifying bacteria Organic material NH 4 + (ammonium) Nitrifying bacteria NO 3 – (nitrate) Root NH 4 + Amino acids Soil

77. Legumes and certain other plants have nodules in their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria 32.14 Legumes and certain other plants house nitrogen-fixing bacteria Figure 32.14A Shoot Nodules Roots

78. Most of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume nodules belong to the genus Rhizobium The relationship between the plant and the nitrogen-fixing bacteria is mutually beneficial Figure 32.14B Bacteria within vesicle

79. Organic farmers rely on the principles of ecology rather than the use of synthetic chemicals or pesticides that can damage the environment Organic farmers try to restore as much to the soil as is drawn from it 32.10 Connection: Organic farmers avoid the use of commercial chemicals Figure 32.10

80. Plants are the main nutritional source for most people in the world Therefore, improving the protein content of crops is an important research goal 32.15 Connection: A major goal of agricultural research is to improve the protein content of crops PLANT NUTRIENTS AND AGRICULTURE Figure 32.15A

81. One of the most promising lines of agricultural research is directed toward improving the output of the Rhizobium bacteria that inhabit the root nodules of legumes Figure 32.15B Rhizobium DNA Genes for nitrogen fixation TURN OFF GENES Nitrogen compounds in root nodules Nitrogen-fixing enzymes Nitrogen fixation N 2

82. Using both gene guns and plasmids for gene transfer, researchers are developing new varieties of crop plants 32.16 Connection: Genetic engineering is increasing crop yields Figure 32.16 Gunpowder Gun “Bullet” DNA-coated pellets Plant cells

83. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CONCEPT You can describe the topic of the section here ALL THE STEPS You can describe the topic of the section here VOCABULARY You can describe the topic of the section here 01 02 03

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85. DAY VS NIGHT PROCESS PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING THE DAY PHOTOSYNTHESIS AT NIGHT Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. and the fourth-largest object in the Solar System Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It's composed mostly of hydrogen and helium

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88. RESPIRATION VS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PROCESS RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS GAS IN Oxygen Carbon dioxide GAS OUT Carbon dioxide Oxygen TIME At all times Daytime only EQUATION Oxygen + glucose = energy C02 + water = glucose + water

89. THE CHLOROPHYLL Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System. It’s also the fourth-brightest object in the night sky. It was named after the Roman god of the skies and lightning, so it sounds mighty and powerful! WHAT IS IT?

90. ALL THE STEPS You can enter a subtitle here if you need it 02

91. light oxygen carbon dioxide carbohydrates water THE PROCESS

92. DETAIL OF THE PROCESS IN A CELL light water oxygen CO2 glucose

93. AWESOME WORDS

94. ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS Effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis *Temperature in degrees Celsius Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here Maximum rate of photosynthesis reached at the “optimal” temperature *Rate of photosynthesis

95. 280 g O2 expelled 150 g CO2 incoming oxygen carbon dioxide

96. VOCABULARY 03 You can enter a subtitle here if you need it

97. C3 vs C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun and the fourth-largest by diameter in the entire Solar System Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the entire Solar System. It was named after the Roman messenger god

98. THREE PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OXYGEN Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all HYDROGEN Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun CARBON DIOXIDE Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust O2 H CO2

99. MORE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS Despite being red, Mars is a cold place SUN Venus is the second planet from the Sun WATER Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all CHLOROPHYLL GASES Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings

100. A PICTURE ALWAYS REINFORCES THE CONCEPT Images reveal amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of a long text

101. A PICTURE WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS

102. Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and also helium Venus has a beautiful name, but also very high temperatures CARBON NADPH VOCABULARY ATP Mercury is the smallest planet in the entire Solar System CALVIN CYCLE Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place CHLOROPLAST Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System GLUCOSE Neptune is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System

103. COMPOSITION OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE Nitrogen Oxygen Others 78% 21% 1%

104. PHOTOSYNTHESIS TABLE STAGES LOCATION INPUT OUTPUT LIGHT REACTIONS Thylacoids Light H20 ATP - NADPH CALVIN CYCLE Stroma CO2 - NADPH Sugar - NDP+

105. BEST PLACES FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS Despite being red, Mars is a cold place PLACE #1 Venus is the second planet from the Sun PLACE #3 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all PLACE #2 PLACE #4 Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings

106. CALVIN CYCLE 1st 2nd 3rd Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings CARBOXYLATION Despite being red, Mars is a cold place REDUCTION Venus is the second planet from the Sun REGENERATION

107. 200,000+ PPM of oxygen in the atmosphere

108. 15h 55m 23s Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place 12h 37m 15s Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all 14h 24m 25s Mercury is the smallest planet of them all

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