Plant nutrients agriculture agronomy.pptx

Agriculture agronomy

1. Plant nutrition

2. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Criteria of essentiality Arnon and Stout 1939, Arnon 1954 Deficiency of the nutrient element makes it impossible for the plant to complete vegetative or reproductive stage and deficiency is corrected by the nutrient only The deficiency is specific to the element and can be corrected by supplying that nutrient element only 3. The element must be directly involved in the metabolism of the plant

3. AGR 101 Functional Nutrient Nicholas, 1963 Nutrient that has some functions whether it is specific or not – Cl , Si, Na, V Beneficial Nutrient Marschner , 1983 Nutrient that stimulates the growth but does not meet the criteria of essentiality AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

4. Arnon’s criteria of essentiality

5. Humans – 19 Animals – 18 Plants – 16 C H O – Basic nutrients N P K – Major nutrients Ca Mg S – Secondary nutrients Fe Zn Mg Mn Cu Cl B - Micronutrients Na Co V Ni Si – Functional elements AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

6. C H O – Basic nutrients N P K – Major nutrients > 1 ppm Ca Mg S – Secondary nutrients > 1 ppm Fe Zn Mg Mn Cu Cl B – Micronutrients - < 1 ppm Na Co V Ni Si – Functional elements Classification of Nutrients - amount AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

7. Classification of Nutrients – Functions in the plant Elements that provide basic structure – C H O Energy transfer, storage and bonding – N P S Charge balance – K Ca Mg Enzyme activation, electron transport – Fe Mn Zn Cu Mo B Cl AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

8. Classification of Nutrients – Mobility in the soil Mobile – NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , BO 3 3- , Cl - , Mn 2+ Less mobile – NH 4 + K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Cu 2+ Immobile - HPO 4 2- , H 2 PO 4 - , Zn 2+ AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

9. Classification of Nutrients – Mobility in Plant Highly mobile – N, P, K Moderately mobile – Zn Less mobile – S, Fe, Mn , Cu, Mo, Cl Immobile – Ca, B AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

10. Classification of Nutrients – Based on chemical nature Cations – K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn , Zn, Cu Anions – NO 3 , PO 4 , SO 4 Metals – K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mo, Zn, Cu Non metals – N, P, S, B, Mo, Cl AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

11. Classification of Nutrients – Based on chemical nature Cations – K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn , Zn, Cu Anions – NO 3 , PO 4 , SO 4 Metals – K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mo, Zn, Cu Non metals – N, P, S, B, Mo, Cl AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

12. Factors influencing Nutrients Availability Parent material – Type of soil Soil pH – Acidic, Basic, Neutral Environmental – Soil temperature, Soil moisture, Aeration Fertilization – Fertilizers, Organics AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

13. Nitrogen - N Constituent of Proteins, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, alkaloids, chlorophyll Gives dark green colour , rapid photosynthesis Growth and development of all living tissues Tillers number increase in cereals Utilizes P and K Delays maturity Makes plant susceptible for diseases, insects AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

14. Phosphorus - P Components of ADP, ATP, nucleic acids, nucleoproteins Photosynthesis, Respiration, Energy storage, Energy transfer, Cell division, Cell elongation Early root formation and growth Quality of many vegetables, fruits, grains Early flowering and early maturity Improves the harvest index of crops Increases nodulation and enhances activity of Rhizobacteria More fixing of atmospheric N i.e., BNF AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

15. Potassium - K Maintains cellular organization Keeps the protoplasm in proper hydration, Maintains turgor pressure and water balance in cells, Increase resistance to diseases, pests, temp, frost, drought Strong stem and anchorage to plants Quality of many crops Fruit formation and translocation of heavy metals Improves the growth of tubers and bulbs Improves the colour and flavor of flower and fruits AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

16. Calcium - Ca Cell wall – calcium pectate , permeability of cell membranes Helps in N uptake, Ca is immobile in plants, hence supply is must, Present in root and shoot tips – essential for growth Structural component of chromosomes Mitosis in roots Activator of many enzymes Improves uptake of Mo AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

17. Magnesium - Mg Structural component of chromosomes Helps in phosphate metabolism,transfer Constituent of chlorophyll, Respiration Activator of many enzymes – CHO metabolism, AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

18. Sulphur - S Structural component of amino acids - cystine , cysteine , methionone - proteins Helps in phosphate metabolism,transfer Active component of vitamins, lipoic acids, Vital part of ferredoxin – a protein in chloroplasts- photosynthesis, nitrite reduction, assimilation of N2 by root nodule bacteria Occurs in volatile compounds – taste, aroma, flavor and smell in plants like onion, and mustard families Enhances oil formation – all oil crops AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

19. Iron - Fe Acts as catalyst in the formation of chlorophyll Plays role in chlorophyll precursor – porphyrin Part of enzymes Plays key role in N fixation Part of cytochromes - ETC AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

20. Manganese - Mn Part of nitrite reductase – N assimilation Activates enzymes – lyases , ligases , hydrolases , oxidoreductases Required for enzymes in Calvin cycle Accelerates germination, maturity Increases availability of P and Ca Proper grouping of chromosomes AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

21. Copper - Cu Chlorophyll formation Plastoquinones and Plastocyanins – Cu containing compounds Constituents of several enzymes AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

22. Zinc Photosynthesis and N metabolism Regulates Auxin concntration in plants Promotes flower setting and fruit development CHO transformation and Sulphur metaboloism Involved in oxidation reduction reactions AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

23. Boron - B Carbohydrate transport,, pollen germination formation of flowers and fruits, Proper pollination and fruit set Development and differentiation of tissues Reduces sterility, malformation of reproductive organs Promotes K and Ca metabolism Inhibits production of phenolic acids – thus checks necrosis of tissues AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

24. Molybdenum - Mo N fixation required - nitrogenase Major enzyme of nitrate reductase Iron absorption and translocation AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

25. Chlorine- Cl Activator of enzymes in photosynthesis Involved in splitting up of water Osmoregulation of plants in saline soils AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

26. Nickel - Ni Influences Urease enzyme in N metabolism Involved in transport of nutrients to seed or grain Necessary for hydrogenase activity in free living Rhizobia AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

27. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Forms – nutrients absorbed Mineral element Ionic form Non-ionic form Nitrogen (N) NH4 +, NO3- CO (NH2)2 Phosphorus (P) H 2 PO 4 -, HPO 4 Nucleic acid, phytin Potassium (Kalium-K) K+ Calcium (Ca) Ca 2 + Magnesium (Mg) Mg 2 + Sulphur (S) SO 4 -2 SO2 Iron (Fe) Fe 2 Fe 3 FeSO4 with EDTA Manganese (Mn) Mn2 MnSO4 with EDTA Zinc (Zn) Zn 2 + ZnSO4 with EDTA Copper (Cu) Cu 2 + CuSO4 with EDTA Boron (B) B 4 O 7 ,H 2 BO 3 ,HBO 3 Molybdenum (Mo) MoO 4 Chlorine (Cl) Cl

28. Deficiency of nutrients Year Nutrient 1950 N 1960 N, Fe N, Fe , P 1970 N, Fe , P, Zn, K N, Fe , P, Zn, K, S 1980 N, Fe , P, Zn, K, S, Mn Recent N, Fe , P, Zn, K, S, Mn , B Latest ????? AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

29. Nutrient content % Percent – kg/100 kg; g/100 g ppm Parts per million mg/kg ppb Parts per billion Micrograms/gram AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

30. Nutrient uptake Passive or Non metabolic absorption Mass Flow Diffusion Ion exchange Carbonic acid exchange theory Contact exchange theory Donnan equilibrium Active absorption Carrier concept Ion pump theory AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

31. AGR 104 Old leaves N, P, K, Mg, Mo New leaves S, Fe, Mn , Cu Old and New leaves Zn Terminal buds Ca, B Dead spots K, Mo No Dead spots N, P, Mg Green vein Mg Yellow vein N Green vein Fe, Mn Yellow vein S, Cu Deficiency symptoms AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

32. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

33. Nitrogen - N Light green to pale yellow colour on older leaves Severe root growth restriction, fibrous, reddish brown No head formation in Cabbage Poorly developed fruits, hard Maize, rice, wheat, mustard, rajmash AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

34. Nitrogen - N AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

35. Phosphorus - P Older leaves become bronzed/reddish brown/purple Dead tissue at the tip of leaves Leaves shed prematurely Potato leaves develop rusty lesions Poor earhead development, delayed maturity Potato, Lucerne, Cotton, Bean, Tobacco, Tomato, Maize, cucurbits AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

36. Phosphorus - P AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

37. Potassium - K Become susceptible to pests and diseases Lodge severly Fruits vegetables poor keeping quality Less acidity in citrus fruits Cereals have small interveinal brown spots Tobacco leaves have poor burning quality Juice quality of sugarcane is impaired Potato, Lucerne, Cotton, Bean, Tobacco, Maize, Tomato AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

38. Potassium - K AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

39. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

40. Nutrient Deficiency diseases Mn Grey speck of Oats, Marshy spot of peas, Speckled yellows of sugarbeet , Pahala blight of sugarcane Zn Mottle leaf or Frenching of Citrus, White bud of maize, Khaira disease of rice Bo Heart rot of sugar beet and Marigold, Browning or Hollow stem of Cauliflower, Top sickness of Tobacco Mo Whip tail in cauliflower, Brassicas ; Scald of tomatoes AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

41. Critical limits Plants Soil Nitrogen Less than 1.5% <250 kg/ha 250-500 kg/ha > 500 kg/ha Phosphorus <0.2% <10 kg/ha 10-20 kg/ha >20 kg/ha Potassium <1.5% <100 kg/ha 100-250 kg/ha >250 kg/ha Sulphur <0.15 – 0.2% <10 ppm HWS Calcium <0.2% Below 50% of CEC Ammo acetate Zn <20 ppm Fe <50 ppm B <1ppm AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

42. Nutrient interaction Excess application of Deficiency of Antagonistic Ca P, Mg K Mg NH4-N Mg N K Ca Reduce toxicity of B P Zn N P K Cu P Mo Fe NO3-N Fe Synergistic Mg P uptake NH4 P uptake N P K uptake Mg , NO3-N Mo Uptake AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

43. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

44. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

45. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

46. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

47. Calcium - Ca Cell wall – calcium pectate , permeability of cell membranes Helps in N uptake, Ca is immobile in plants, hence supply is must, Present in root and shoot tips – essential for growth Structural component of chromosomes Mitosis in roots Activator of many enzymes Improves uptake of Mo AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

48. Magnesium - Mg Structural component of chromosomes Helps in phosphate metabolism,transfer Constituent of chlorophyll, Respiration Activator of many enzymes – CHO metabolism, AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

49. Sulphur - S Structural component of amino acids - cystine , cysteine , methionone - proteins Helps in phosphate metabolism,transfer Active component of vitamins, lipoic acids, Vital part of ferredoxin – a protein in chloroplasts- photosynthesis, nitrite reduction, assimilation of N2 by root nodule bacteria Occurs in volatile compounds – taste, aroma, flavor and smell in plants like onion, and mustard families Enhances oil formation – all oil crops AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

50. Iron - Fe Acts as catalyst in the formation of chlorophyll Plays role in chlorophyll precursor – porphyrin Part of enzymes Plays key role in N fixation Part of cytochromes - ETC AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

51. Manganese - Mn Part of nitrite reductase – N assimilation Activates enzymes – lyases , ligases , hydrolases , oxidoreductases Required for enzymes in Calvin cycle Accelerates germination, maturity Increases availability of P and Ca Proper grouping of chromosomes AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

52. Copper - Cu Chlorophyll formation Plastoquinones and Plastocyanins – Cu containing compounds Constituents of several enzymes AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

53. Zinc Photosynthesis and N metabolism Regulates Auxin concntration in plants Promotes flower setting and fruit development CHO transformation and Sulphur metaboloism Involved in oxidation reduction reactions AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

54. Boron - B Carbohydrate transport,, pollen germination formation of flowers and fruits, Proper pollination and fruit set Development and differentiation of tissues Reduces sterility, malformation of reproductive organs Promotes K and Ca metabolism Inhibits production of phenolic acids – thus checks necrosis of tissues AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

55. Molybdenum - Mo N fixation required - nitrogenase Major enzyme of nitrate reductase Iron absorption and translocation AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

56. Chlorine- Cl Activator of enzymes in photosynthesis Involved in splitting up of water Osmoregulation of plants in saline soils AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

57. Nickel - Ni Influences Urease enzyme in N metabolism Involved in transport of nutrients to seed or grain Necessary for hydrogenase activity in free living Rhizobia AGR 101 Rajkumara , S. Deficiency symptoms

58. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

59. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

60. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

61. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.

62. AGR 101 Rajkumara , S.