Plant propagation

introduction and techniques with photographs

1. PLANT
PROPAGATION
Presented By: Ms. SeemaRajapure. M.ScB.Ed

2. Contents:
Introduction
Seed propagation
Cutting
Grafting
Budding
Division
Layering
Tissue culture

3. Introduction
Theprocessormultiplyingorincreasingthenumber
orplantsofthesamespeciesandatthesametime
perpetuatingtheirdesirablecharacteristics.
Eachplantrespondsdifferentlytodifferent
methodsofpropagation.
Varioustechniquesofpropagationhavebeen
developedwiththeobjectivetohaveuniformityin
crops,earlybearing,increasedproduction,
resistanceagainstpestsanddiseases,andintroduce
certaincharactersinnewgeneration.

4. Types of plant propagation
Plant
propagation
Asexual
Propagation
Cutting Grafting Budding Layering Division
Tissue
Culture
Sexual
Propagation
Seed
Propagation

5. Sexual Propagation of plant
Sexualpropagationispropagationormultiplication
ofplantsbyseeds.
Seedsareformedasaresultofsuccessful
fertilizationandcombinationofparentalgametes.
Itiswidelyusedforthepropagationofcropslike
ornamentalannuals,vegetables,medicinalandfruit
plants.

6. Seed Propagation
Thepropagationorreproducingofplantsfrom
seeds.
Pollenistransferredfromtheanthertothestigma.
Fertilizationoccursandseedsareproduced
Virusesdon’ttransmitthroughseeds,thusmostlythe
seedlingsarefreefromvirusdiseases.

7. Planting of seeds
Plantingdepthdependsonthesizeoftheseeds.
Thelargertheseed,thedeeperitisplanted.
Smallseedsshouldbewateredby
bottomsoaking.

8. Germination
Germinationrateisthe%thatsprout.
Example:75outof100=75%
Ratesaffectedby….
oSeed viability.
oTemperature.
oMoisture.
oType of plant.
oQuality of seed.

9. Germination percentage
Germination percentage is an estimate of the
viability of a population of seeds.
The equation to calculate germination percentage
is:
GP = seeds germinated/total seeds x 100

10. Pre –germination Seed Treatment
Chemical(Acidscarification):
oThepurposeistomodifyhardorimportantor
impermeableseedcoveringgenerallysoakingseed
inconcentratedsulphuricacidisaneffective
method.
oThetimeoftreatmentmayvaryfrom10minutesto
6houraccordingtospecies.
oAftertreatmentseedsarethoroughlywashedin
cleanwatertomakethemfreeofacidandthenre
sownimmediately.

11. Cont…
Mechanical(Scarification):
oInvolvesbreakingorweakeningtheseedcoatand
canbecarriedoutusingsandpaperorafileto
abradetheseedcoatorusingaknifetonickthe
coatorusingahammertocrackthecoatfor
allowingwatertoenter.
oMakeattentiontonotcrushtheseedastodamage
theembryo.

12. Cont…
Seedling(BoiledWaterTreatment):
oPouringboilingwateroverseedsandgettingitto
coolgraduallyforabout12to24Hourtosoften
dryandhardshelledseeds.
oE.g.Coffee,Thiswillhastentheprocessof
germination.

13. Cont…
SoakinginWater:
oThepurposeofsoakingseedsinwateristomodify
hardseedcoats,toremoveinhibitors,tosoftenseed
andtoreducethetimeofgermination.
oThetimeofsoakingseedsincoldwaterdepend
uponthehardnessoftheseedcoat.
oEg:peas,beans,acassiatreeetc.

14. Cont…
Stratification (Moist Chilling):
oSeedofmanywoodytreesorshrubsareexposedto
lowtemperaturetobringaboutpromptanduniform
germination.
oIthassomebenefitinsofteningtheseedcoats.
oTheseedsarearrangedinalternatelayersofsand
inshallowboxesforpitsortrenches.
oThisconditionhelpsinrapidgerminationpeach
cherry,plum,oat,grapes.

15. Asexual Propagation in plants
Thevegetativepartsofaplantlikeleaf,stem,rootor
theirmodifiedformsareusedforpropagation.
Mostofthehorticulturalcropsarecommercially
propagatedbythismethod.
Haveshortjuvenilephase,thuscomeintobearing
earlierthanseedlingplants.
Plantsarederivedfromsingleparentthusthereisno
geneticchanges.
Plantpropagatedthroughasexualpropagationhas
samefeaturesastheparentplant.

16. Methods of Asexual Propagation
Cutting
Grafting
Budding
Division
Layering
Tissue culture

17. Cutting
Detaching portion of the selected motherplant for
the purpose of producing new plants
The three main types of cuttings are….
Stem
Leaf
Root

18. Stem Cutting
Basedontheageandmaturityofshootsdetached
forvegetativepropagation.
stemcuttingsisoffourtypes:
(i)Hardwoodcutting
(ii)Semi-hardwoodcutting
(iii)Softwoodcutting
(iv)Herbaceouscutting

19. i. Hardwood cutting
Suchacuttingis
takenfromwoody
plants.
Mostly,deciduous
plants are
propagatedby
thismethod.e.g.,
rose,grapesetc.

20. ii. Semi-hardwood cutting
Asemi-hardwood
cuttingistakenfrom4
to9-montholdshoots
ofcurrentseason
woodyplants.
Most ornamental
foliageplantslike
croton,acalyphas,
aralias,diffenbachia,
russelia, cestrum,
nerium,etc.,

21. iii. Softwood cutting
Suchacuttingistakenfromherbaceousorsucculent
plants.
Shootsof2to3-montholdplantsareselectedfor
softwoodcuttings.
Example:salternanthera,coleus,duranta,
clerodendrum,etc.

23. iv. Herbaceous cutting
Such a cutting is taken
from herbaceous plants.
Shoots of 1 to 2-month
old plants are selected
for herbaceous cuttings.
Examples:
chrysanthemum, iresine,
pilea, dahlia, petunia,
carnation, marigold, etc.

24. Leaf cutting
Plantswiththickfleshyleaveshavingbudsare
propagatedbyleafcutting.
Vegetativebudsarepresentinthenotchesofleaf
margin(bryophyllum)oronthevein(begoniarex).
Leafbladeorpiecesofitwithbudareputonthe
rootingmediumunderfavourableconditions.
Incaseofblackraspberry,theleafblade,along
withpetioleandashortpieceofthestemwith
attachedaxillarybuds,arekeptinthemediumfor
rooting.

25. Leaf cutting

26. Layering
Inthismethod,rootsareallowedtodeveloponthecovered
portionofthestemwhilestillbeingattachedtothemother
plant.
Aftertheemergenceanddevelopmentoftheroots,thisportion
isseparatedfromthemotherplantandallowedtogrowasa
newplantonitsownrootstem.Suchrootstemisknownas
‘layer’.
Typesoflayering:(i)Simplelayering
(ii)Compoundorserpentinelayering
(iii)Trenchlayering
(iv)Moundlayeringorstooling
(v)Airlayering

27. i. Simple layering
Apartialtongue-likecutisgivenonabranch.
Thebranchisthenbenttothegroundandthe
treatedportioniscoveredwithsoil,keepingthetop
orterminalportionexposed.
Thelayeredbranchesproducerootsinweeksand
arereadyfortransplantinginanurseryafter
detachingthemcarefully.
Examples: jasmine,ixora,clerodendron,
pyrostegia,etc.

28. i. Simple layering

29. ii. Compound or serpentine layering
Compoundlayeringissimilartosimplelayering,
exceptthebranchesarealternatelycoveredand
exposedalongtheirlength.
Thebranchesmustbelongersothattheycanbe
layeredatseveralplaces.
Eg:bougainvillea,jasmine,clematis,
muscadinegrapeandwisteria.

30. ii. Compound or serpentine layering

31. iii. Trench layering
Trenchlayeringisprimarilyusedinfruitplants.
Coveringtheshootswithsoilresultsinetiolation,so
itisalsoknownas‘etiolationlayering’.
Newshootsarisefromthelengthoftheburried
budsandrootsformundersoil.
Afterrooting,individualshootsareseparatedfrom
themotherplant.
Eg: apple,cherry,pear,jasmineand
rhododendron.

33. iv. Mound layering or stooling
Thismethodisfollowedinplants
whosebranchesarefirmand
difficulttobend.
Theselectedplantmustbeat
dormantstageatthetimeof
layering.
Parentplantcutbacktothesoil
level.Entireplantismoundedwith
soil.Formsnumerousshootsand
roots.
Eg:Applerootstock,quince,
magnoliaetc.

34. v. Air layering
Itisalsoknownas‘gootee’.
Examples:Ficuselastica,Callistemon,croton,
monstera,citrusfruits,lychee,philodendron,
pomegranate,etc.

35. Grafting
Themethodofjoiningpartsoftwoplantsina
mannerthattheyformaunitandfunctionasone
plantisknownas‘grafting’.
Rootstock:Thepartofthegraftthatprovidesroot
systemtothegraftedplant.
Scion:Theupperportionofgraftcombinationtaken
fromthedesiredplanttobemultiplied.

36. Methods of grafting :
1.Scionattachedmethod-
Thescionshootisnotdetachedfromthemother
plantuntiltheuniontakesplace.
Afterthesuccessfulunionofthescionandrootstock,
thescionisseparatedingradualcutfromthe
motherplant.
Itisclassifiedintotwotypes:
i.Slicedapproachgrafting
ii.Tonguegrafting

37. i. Approach grafting
Approachgraftingisalsoknownas‘inarching’.Two
independentself-sustainingplantsaregrafted
together.

38. ii. Tongue grafting
Thismethoddiffersfromtheformerascutsare
givenonboththescionandrootstock.

39. 2. Scion detached method
Thescionisfirstdetachedfromthemotherplant,
andthen,insertedortiedontherootstock.
Typesofsciondetachedmethod:
I.Veneergrafting
II.Sidegrafting
III.Wedgeorcleftgrafting
IV.Stoneorepicotylgrafting
V.Whiporsplicegrafting
VI.Barkgrafting

40. i. Veneer grafting
Inthis,theverticalflapofthestockiscompletely
removedandaslantingcutisgivenononesideof
thescion.
ThebesttimeinnorthIndiaforveneergraftingis
March−AprilandJuly−August.
Eg:Mango,cashewandpeacharecommercially
propagatedbythistechnique.

41. i. Veneer grafting

42. ii. Side grafting
Inthismethod,the
operatedscionis
insertedintotheside
oftheestablished
rootstock,whichhas
moregirththanthe
scion,
Eg:hibiscus.

43. iii. Cleft grafting
Selectedrootstock
Thesplitstockheldopen
withthehelpofachisel
Preparedplant
Scioninsertedinthe
rootstock
Wrappedscionand
rootstock
Preparedplant
Eg:mango,jackfruit,
bael,amla,etc.

44. iv. Stone or epicotyl grafting
Thismethodiscommonlyadoptedfortherapid
multiplicationofmangoplants.
Inthismethod,stones(seeds)aresowninpolythene
bagsormoistsandbedandcoveredwith5to7-cm
layerofleafmouldforgermination.
Whentheseedlingsareabout15daysold,they
aretakenoutandgraftedindoor.

45. iv. Stone or epicotylgrafting

46. v. Whip or splice grafting

47. vi. Bark grafting
Aplantgraftmadebyslittingthebarkofthestock
andinsertingthescionbeneath.

48. Budding
Theprocessofinsertingasinglematurescionbudinto
thestem(rootstock)inawaythatresultsintoaunion
andcontinuestogrowasanewplant.
Typesofbudding:
I.T–budding
II.Patchbudding
III.Ringbudding
IV.Flutebudding
V.Forkertbudding
VI.Chipbudding

49. i. T –budding
Sincea‘T’-shapedincisionismadeforbudinsertion
ontherootstock,itiscalledT–budding.
T–buddingisalsocalled‘shieldbudding’asthe
budusedforinsertionisintheshapeofa‘shield’.

50. ii. Patch budding
Itisusedforspeciesthathavethickbark.
Arectangularpatchofbarkcontainingasinglebud
istakenfromthescionandplacedintoasimilar
patchtakenfromtherootstock.

51. iii. Ring budding
Acompleteringof
barkisremovedfrom
thestockanditis
completelygirdled.
Asimilarringofbark
containingabudis
removedfromthebud
stickandisinserted
ontotherootstock.

52. iv. Flute budding
Thepatchofbarkis
removedfromthestockin
suchawaythatitalmost
completelyencirclesthestock
exceptwithanarrowbark
connectionbetweenthe
upperandlowercutsonthe
stock.
Asimilarpatchofbarkis
removedfromthebudstick
containingahealthybud.

53. v. Forkertbudding
Thestockispreparedbygivingtwoverticalcutsand
atransversecutabovetheverticalcutstojointhem.
Thescionispreparedinafashionsimilartopatch
buddinghavingthesizesimilartocutsmadeonthe
stock.

54. vi. Chip budding
Achipofbarkandwoodisremovedfromthesmoothsurface
betweenthenodesofthestock.
Similarsizeandshapeisalsoremovedfromthebudwoodof
thedesiredcultivar.
Thebudchipinsertedinthestockinsuchawaythatthe
cambiumofbudchipshouldhavedirectcontactwiththe
cambiumofthestock.

55. Tissue culture

56. References
http://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/kegr103.pdf
https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dailey/VegetativePro
pagationTechniques.pdf
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.p
hp?id=96828
https://irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-prop-
glossary/06-grafting/03-buddingtypes/04-
grafting-budflute.html