Plant tissue culture application

application of plant tissue culture in forestry, agriculture& horticulture

1. Application of plant tissue culture in forestry, agriculture & horticulture Vimal priya subramanian 1 st M.sc Botany ROLL NO;18MBO027

2. Introduction Plant tissue culture is the method of plant production from the any part of the plant . Which is help to maintained the germplasm . If any disaster is occur like earth quake , sunami at that time plant tissue culture produce the destroyed plants in more frequency level so we need small time for reproducing the affected plants in the particular affected area

3. Application in forestry Micropropagtion , Apical meristem culture, Embryo culture, Endosperm culture, Haploid plants

4. Micro propagation Efficient methods for micropropagation has been used for many trees. So far much success has been achieved in micropropagating some tree plants which are difficult to clonally multiply by the conventional methods. Success of micropropagation is judged on the basis of rate of shoot multiplication and the success of transplantation to the field. For example Teak and Eucalyptus

5. Dis advantages of micro propagation In some cases multiple shoot formation takes place as usual. But the roting of such shoot is very difficult. It depends upon so many factors viz. correct choice of explants, age of the plat, culture medium, hormones etc. Browning of medium and browning of ex-plant in culture is a serious problem for the micropropagation of tree plant.

6. Apical meristem culture Apical meristem culture is widely used to eliminate virus and to raise a number of virus free plants using a single meristem tip. In cassava, microscopic size of apical meristem has been cultured in nutrient medium supplemented with GA3 ,NAA . By this technique, a number of virus free plants have been raised. This experiment meristem culture for making disease free tree plants.

7. Example Monihot esculanta , commonly known cassava, is systematically infected with African mosaic virus, cassava brown streak virus Virus attack do not lead to death but affect the yield Apical meristem culture is use to eleminate the virus it should be free from virus

8. Apical meristem cuture

9. Embryo culture Embryo culture is generally applied for obtaining rare hybrids. Conventional inter-specific or inter-generic breeding of forest plants has been done for improvement of timber quality, oil content etc. and also for making disease resistant line. Sometimes fertilization occurs but germinable seeds are not obtained due to premature death of hybrid embryo. If the hybrid embryos are cultured before the onset of abortion, it is easy to get a hybrid plant

10. Embryo culture

11. Endosperm culture It is well known that endosperm tissue of the seed of angiosperm is cytologically triploid in nature. Now ,if the endosperm tissue is used as explants for tissue culture to raise a plant, the plant will be triploid. Triploid plants are seed sterile and usually undesirable. But some times triploids are desirable for plant improvement. Endosperm culture have better pulpwood qualities as compared to their diploid plants obtained some seeds.

12. steps in endosperm culture The immature or mature seeds are dissected under aseptic condition and enodosperms along with embryos are excised. Excised endosperms are cultured on a suitable medium and embryos are removed after initial stage. Callus followed by embryogenesis or shoot bud differentiation Complete plant formtion

13. HAPLOID PLANT PRODUCTION Haploid plants are obtained by isolated microspore and anther culture. Haploids are very important for mutation research on forest tree mutant varieties can be achieved very easily from homozygous diploid plants by treatment of mutagenic agent. In china, haploid plants of Hevea brasiliensis have been obtained from microspores culture. Plant tissue culture technique can be used to produce, maintain, multiply and transport of pathogen free forest plants safely and economically

14. Haploid plant production

15. Application in forestry level For betterment and improvement of tree plants of high economic value a breakthrough in forestry research has come with production of artificial seeds ain eucalyptus and genetic transformation in conifers. In 1989, A.F.Mascarenhas andE.M . Muralidharan reviwed the tissue culture studies carried out on forest trees in india . Some of the important plants are acacia nilotica , albizia lebbeck , Ficus religiosa

16. Impact on forestry Multiplication of forest tree species by different methods By clonal multiplication Populus tremula Streculia urenes Tectona grandis Prosopis cineraria

17. By somatic embryogenesis Abies balsamea Biota orientalis Cupressus orizonica Dalbergia sisso Dalbergia latifolia

18. Protoplast culture&genetics Eucalyptus grandis Populus Junglans Pithoclobium dulce

19. IN AGRICULTURE ENCAPSULATED SEED IMPROVEMENT OF HYBRID PRODUCTION OF STRESS RESISTANT PLANT TRANSFER OF nif GENE

20. ENCAPSULATRD SEED Embryo capsulaterd with Na/Ca alginate gel Somatic embryo is capsulated Which is derived from embryogenesis

21. Encapsulated seed

22. Improvement of hybrids To produce somatic hybrid plant through the protoplast culture Then indroduce the transgenic plant We can change the character colour tuber,prolonged flowering ,some resistent varieties, morphology of the plant,etc

23. For example Bt cotton Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacteria found in soil It produces a protein that paralyzes the insects digestive system. The insect dies of starvation The gene that is responsible for coding for the protien that kills insects is inserted into the DNA of many plants such as corn and cotton The plant then produces the protein that is responsible for killing insects

24. Stress resistant plant In 1974 M.H. zenk report that cell supesion tolerant to2,4-D herbicide When the cell sub culture in to the liquid medium which contain high amount of 2,4D After 6 month the cell able to grow in 1mM(mill moll) 2,4-d. Then after we use that plant protoplast culture we producing more no of stress resistent plant

25. Transfer of nif gene Transfer of if gene in to plant through DNA bio technology Newly formed plants contain rhizobium in their nodes Rizobium spp is nitrogen fixing gram negative symbiotic bacteria usually relationship with legume species

26. Example of somoclonal varient plant in agricultural crop crop characters Rice Flowering period, panicle size, numberof tiller shape and colours Wheat Plant height, grain colour, see storage protein Maize Reduced pollen fertility and male sterility sugarcane High sugar yield, increase stalk length & diameter Barley Increase grain yield Carrot Higher carotene content

27. Diseease resistant varities through somoclonal variation crop Pathogenic organism Rice Helminthosporium oryzae Maize Helminthosporium maydis Barley Rhynchosporium secalis Sugarcane Puccinia melanocephals Potato Streptomyces scahie , alternaria solani Tomato Psedomonas solanacearum Banana Fusarium oxysporum

28. Horticulture Horticulture is the culture of plants for food, comfort, beautification purposes. In latin ,the terms horticulture mean garden culture It have several branch pomology - fruit,olericulture - vegetables,arboriculture -tree with diferent shape, floriculture.

29. In horticulture Micropropagation micropropagation is use to produce n no of plant at a time Virus free plant apical meristerm culture is used to form virus free plant Somatic hybrids we can produce different colour of flower and leaves containing plant produce for ornamental purpose

30. Various plant introducing in horticulture Horticulture plant Botanical name Using plant part bu tissue culture method for cultivation Bromeliads Aechmea sp. Shoot tip Pineapple Ananus cosmosus Lateral buds Snap dragon Antirrhinum masus Protoplast callus Pyrethrum Chrysantymum cinerirefolius Direct adv.buds Dehlia Dahlia sp. micrografting Star fish plant Cryptanthus sp. Lateral buds Gold dust dracena Dracena fragrance internode

31. Micropropagation of fruit crops Temperate fruit crops Tropical fruit crops Apple ( malus ) Kiwifruit( Actidinia chinensis ) Pear( pyrus communis ) Pineapple( Ananas comosus ) Peach ( prunus persica ) Cashew( Anacardium occidentale ) Cherry,sweet ( pinus avinum ) Lime (Citrus limon ) Straw berry( fragaria ) Mulberry ( Morus alba) Rasp berry ( rubus sp.) Banana(Musa sp.) Grape ( vitis vinifera ) Guava ( psidium guajava )

32. Impact on horticulture More recent uses of in vitro culture emphasize applications for fruit crops. These application include production of hybrid plants from fused protoplast and somaclonal variation

33. Signification of plant tissue culture Elimination of viral diseases .Germplasm storage clonal propagation Induce desirable, heritable changes Rapid propagation of superior plants, Regenerate transgenic plants through transfer of genes into protoplasts Somatic hybridization

34. Refference Kalyan kumar ; 1992 ;plant tissue culture; 171 to 177. M.K. Razdan ; 2011 reprint; plant tissue culture; 219 to260 . K.G. Ramawat;2000;plant biotechnology;252 to 261. https://ag4 impact.org