Plantation Crops - Tea Camellia sinensis.ppt

The crops which are perennial in nature, cultivated in a vast area for continuously and commercially, large scaly, managed by individually or a company and long time yielded are termed as plantation crops. Such as: Bamboo, betel leaf, betel nut, rubber, tea, coffee, oil palm etc.
Conditions/criteria of plantation crops:
1. It should be perennial in nature cash crops
2. It must be cultivated in a vast area of land.
3. Commercially and continuously cultivated.
4. Managed by individually or a company.
5. Long time yielded.

Importance of Plantation Crops
1. Export income: We may earn a lot of money by exporting different types of plantation crops and / or their products.
2. To decrease import cost: We may decrease our import cost through the production of different types of plantation crops such as oil palm, Rubber, coffee, cocoa and bamboo.
3. Employment opportunity: We may create different types of employment opportunities by establishing different types of plantation crop industries.
4. Use of fallow land: We may use our fallow land by planting different types of plantation crops.
5. Creation of new industry: We may develop different types of new industries by using different types of product of plantation crops.
6. Environmental effect: We may protect our environment by planting different types of plantation crops.

2. Outline of the Lecture
Memorizing previous class
Tea Concept;
Present situation;
Classification;
Production Technology of Tea;
Difference between black tea and green tea;
Processing of Tea;
Recap
Questions/Comments

3. Tea is an aromatic beverage made by steeping the dried or fresh
leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant in hot water.
It is the world's second most consumed drink after water and comes
in many types, including black, green, white, and oolong, which are
all derived from the same plant but processed differently.
"Herbal teas" are not true teas but are infusions made from other
plants.
Tea Origin: China and Assam of India

5. Classification
A. On the basis of species
(i) Camellia sinensis: It originated from China and it is good for
taste and flavor.
(ii) C. assamica: It is originated from Assam of India and it is world
famous for attractive color and
B. On the basis of Processing
(i) Black tea: Squeezed the moisture before fermentation.
(ii) Green tea: Steamed or boiled the leaf before drying and
crushing.
(iii) Brick tea; Collected leaves are crushed and mixed with flavor
such as salt and ginger and pressed to form brick like shape.
(iv) Oolong tea: Partially oxidized leaves, creating a taste between
green and black tea.
(v) White tea: Unoxidized, made from young leaves and buds.
(vi) Instant tea:   powdered mix in which water is added

6. Climate:
Temperature: 22-27
0
C is optimum. This is one of the regions where shade
tree should be planted in the tea garden. The temperature goes down 12
0
C,
tea plants cease flashing.
Rainfall: 125-150 cm which is well distributed over 8-9 months in a year, not
less than 5 cm per months.
Humidity: Around 80% during most of the time not less than 65%.
Soil:
Tea is a calcifuges crop, it requires comparatively low amount Ca but high
amount of K and Si, Iron rich fertile loam soil is suitable for tea cultivation.
P
H
: 4.5-5.0 (Acidic soil). It grows well in the hill slope and high land where
rain water does not stand. It can not tolerate water logged condition.
Production Technology

7. Propagation:
Tea can be propagated by seed, cutting and grafting. Seeds are soaked in water for
24 hours and then sow in seedbed.
Germination time: 20-30 days. Then transplanted in the poly bag and after 9
months, it should be transplanted in the main field.
Cuttings:
Cutting size: 3cm×3cm. 3 cm shoots are collected along with an auxiliary bud for
cutting. Cuttings should be placed at the middle point of poly bag and petiole should
be above the soil. After planting, cuttings should be covered by polythene sheet to
preserve moisture. Within 10-12 weeks root will initiate. When 80% roots occur
overhead shade gradually reduce to harden the plants.
 
Grafting:
Recently cleft grafting is used to propagate tea plant. In that case, drought tolerant
clones are used as a rootstock and high yielding quality clones are used as scion.
Production Technology (Cont’d)

8. Planting time: June to July
Planting distance: 1.2 M ×1.2 M
Pit size: 30×30×45 cm
Plant age: 12-15 months
Production Technology (Cont’d)

10. After cares: Mulching and irrigation,
weeding, shading should be given whenever
it necessary.
Shade:
Tea requires filtered shade, if it is exposed
to direct sun growth will be hampered. On
the other hand it ensures the low
temperature than the atmosphere. We may
use peacock flower, korai, Sirish etc. for
shade plant. The species of this shade plant
will be 40×40 feet. It should be planted at
the time of final land preparation.
Production Technology (Cont’d)

11. Production Technology (Cont’d)
Manuring:
Tea leaves are considered as the nitrogenous fertilizer loving crop.
So, for a young plant 18-38 kg nitrogen per hectare may be applied.
Tea plant grows well in acidic soil. So, ammonium sulphate is
applied instead of Urea.
Fertilization: (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
because tea is an acid loving crop i.e it grows
in an acidic condition. So, soil should be fertilized with (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
instead of urea. The SO
=
4
of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
is react with H
2
O in the soil to
form H
2
SO
4
and acidic condition is developed.
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
NH
+
4
+ SO
=
4

H
2
O OH
-
+H
+

H
+
+ SO
=
4
H
2
SO
4

12. Production Technology (Cont’d)
Why madhupur is not suitable for tea cultivation?
Madhupur soil is not hilly area. Drainage system is not very well and
soil is not highly acidic. So, ‘P’ fixation occurs. Hence, Modhupur
region is not suitable for growing tea in Bangladesh.

13. Production Technology (Cont’d)
Training:
Training is essential for better frame for plucking. When the young plant has
established then remove the growing points keeping 8-10 matured leaves to
induce secondaries. Removing the growing portion of secondary branch
keeping 50 cm when it reach 60 cm or more height to induce tertiaries . It
takes 18-20 months from planting to reach regular plucking stage.
 
Pruning:
Pruning is done in tea plant for the following objectives
(i) To maintain the convenient height for plucking.
(ii) To induce more vegetative growth.
(iii) To remove dead and crossing branch
Pruning is done normally at an interval of 4-6 years.

14. Production Technology (Cont’d)

15. Production Technology (Cont’d)
Plucking:
Plucking of twigs consists of two leaves with the apical buds. One bud and 2/3 leaves are
known as flush. According to the coarseness, there are three types of tea.
(i) Fine tea: Apical bud + two leaves
(ii) Medium tea: Apical bud + three leaves
(iii) Coarse tea: Apical bud + four or more leaves
Plucking intervals depends on season and cultivars. In case of rainy season plucking
intervals will be 7-10 days. In case of winter and hot summer season plucking interval
will be increased.
Plucking method of tea:
Two leaves with terminal bud are desirable as plucking standard because these types of
leaves contain high amount of tea catechin, caffeine, polyphenol, fermenting enzyme
which are responsible for briskness, brightness, good aroma and overall quality tea under
good manufacturing condition.

17. Distinguish character Black tea Green tea
1.Color 1.Black/red/brown/bright coppery 1.Olive green/green/greenish color
2.Fermentation 2.Fermentatjion takes place during
process of manufacturing
2.Fermentation absent
3.Oxiatjion 3.Takes place 3.Absent
4.Catechin supply 4.Supplies catechin slowly than
green tea
4.Supplies catechin rapidly than
black tea
5.Colored substances5.Present (brown, red, yellow) 5.Absent
6.Polyphenol content6.Low 6.High
7.Manufacturing step7.Mainly-withering,rolling,fermentation
and drying
7.Mainly-steaming,rolling &drying
8.Enzymes 8.Engymes are activated up to
fermentation stage
8.Enzymes activities are absent
9.Manufacturing cost9.Low 9.High
10.Taste 10.Comparatively low than green tea10Comparatively higher than black
tea
11.Caffeine,tannin &
aroma
11.Low 11.High
12.Market price 12.Low 12.High
13.Uses 13.Manufacatured for general purpose
of use
13.Manufactured for export purpose
mainly

19. Summary

20. Questions/Comments/Suggestions