Plasmodium malariae

Malaria is caused by species of Plasmodium.

1. Plasmodium malariae M.SRIDEVI II M.Sc. (MICROBIOLOGY) 18PY15

2. Classification Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Aconoidasida Order: Haemosporida Family: Plasmodiidae Genus: Plasmodium Species: malariae

3. Introduction Malaria is caused by species of Plasmodium . Discovered by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1880 ) 500 million people will be infected with malaria worldwide widely found in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia , and islands in the western Pacific

4. The genus Plasmodium contains over 200 species at least 11 species infect humans Most important are: Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium knowlesi Plasmodium parasites are highly specific with female Anopheles mosquitoes

5. EPIDEMOLOGY Around 300-500 million clinical cases of malaria are reported every year, of which more than a million die of severe and complicated cases of malaria. Malaria is known to kill one child every 30 sec, 3000 children per day under the age of 5 years .

6. Vector Female mosquitos of genus Anopheles are primary hosts and transmission vectors. There are approximately 460 recognized species Over 100 can transmit human malaria Only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium Anopheles gambiae is one of the best known which transmits Plasmodium falciparum

7. Fig: Female Anopheles Mosquito

8. Only female mosquitoes feed on blood while the males feed on plant nectar and do not transmit the disease. The females of Anopheles genus prefer to feed at night They start searching for a meal at dusk and continue throughout the night until they take a meal

9. MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA The spread of malaria depends on the life cycle of the mosquito. •Adult mosquitoes lay their eggs on water. •The eggs hatch to become larvae and then pupae, before turning into adults. •Adult females mosquitoes only live 2 to 4 weeks. •So you can reduce malaria by attacking any of these four stages of the mosquito

10. CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE CYCLE Intermediate host : human Final host : mosquito Infective stage : sporozoite Infective way : mosquito bite skin of human Parasitic position : liver and red blood cells Transmitted stage : gametocytes Schizogonic cycle in red cells : 48 hrs.

11. Life cycle

12. INCUBATION PERIOD Following the infective bite by the Anopheles mosquito a period of time (the "incubation period") goes by before the first symptoms appear. The incubation period in most cases varies from 7 to 30 days. The shorter periods are observed most frequently with P. falciparum and the longer ones with P. malariae.

13. Symptom fever flu-like illness shaking chills Headache muscle aches tiredness Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea anemia & jaundice

14. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS L aboratory diagnosis of malaria is confirmed by the demonstration of malarial parasites in the blood film under microscopic examination. Thin film Thick film Thick smears have more quantity of blood in a smaller area, so that the parasites are concentrated in this area, hence chances of detection of malaria parasite are more in a thick smear Thin smears are less sensitive for detection of malaria parasites but better for species identification

15. Fig: Thin smear Fig: Thick smear

16. HALOFANTRINE MALARONE ATOVAQUONE/PROGUANIL TAFENOQUINE QUININE CHLOROQUINE TREATMENT

17. Chemoprophylaxis

18. Prevention Use mosquito repellants. Wear long pants and long sleeves. Use window screens Use bed nets.

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