Plastic Packaginghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.pdf

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1. Plastic Packaging
By Nguyen ThiQuynh Ngoc

2. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/food-packaging-market

3. Plastic Packaging Materials
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/plastic-packaging-market

4. Plastic Packaging Materials

5. Plastic Packaging Materials
•Plasticpackagingmaterialsarepredominatelyconstitutedofpolymers
(70–99%)containingalwaysvariousamountsofadditives,suchas
plasticisers,antioxidants,pigments,antistatic,fillersandmanyother
compounds
•Theplasticpolymermoleculecontains5000-10.000monomers
•Theplasticpolymercan be homopolymer, copolymer or terpolymer
•At room temperature, plasticpolymer can be crystalline or amorphous
•Allstartingsubstances,aswellasfinishedplasticsmaterialsmusthave
regulatoryapprovals,basedontheirspecificchemicaland
toxicologicalfeatures.

6. Plastic packaging materials: food and beverage
applications and related solutions

7. Classification of polymers on the basis of structure
•Group 1. Linear polymers

8. Classification of polymers on the basis of structure
•Group 2. Branched polymer and cross-linked polymers

9. Classification of polymers on the basis of structure
•Group 3. Cross-linked polymers

11. Classification of polymers on the basis of origin
•Fuel-Derived Polymers
•Bio Polymer

12. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
•Themonomerfromwhichthepolymerisformed
•Tacticity
•Thewayinwhichthemonomerispolymerised
•Thedegreeofcrystallinityofapolymer
•Themolecularweightandmolecularweightdistributionwithinthepolymer
•Howmanymonomershavebeenusedtomakethepolymer
•Theorientationofeachmonomerinacopolymer
•Thetypeofinter-andintra-molecularforceswithinthepolymerstructure
•Theadditiveswithinapolymermix,readyforprocessingintopackaging
•Theuseofspecialtreatments
•Mixingpolymersinanorderlymanner
•Thephysicalorientationofapolymericpackagingplastic.

13. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
•Themonomerfromwhichthepolymerisformed
-Thechemicalmake-upofthepolymerinfluencessuch
propertiesasdensity,thermalproperties,meltingandsoftening
point,solubility,andpermeabilitytogasesandmoisture
vapour.
-polypropylenehasthebestbarriertomoisture,followedby
polyethylene,polyvinylchlorideandlastlypolyvinylidene
chloride
-Thelargertheatomorfunctionalgroup,themoredifficultitis
forittorotateaboutthecentralcarbonbackbone→thelarger
T
glasstransition
-Non-polarpolymerssuchaspolypropyleneandpolyethylene
haveverylowsurfaceenergy;asaresulttheyaredifficultto
bondandthereforedifficulttoprint→needspecialsurface
treatmenttoincreasesurfaceenergy
-Factoraffectedbythenon-polarnatureofapolymeris
gas/waterbarrier

14. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
•Tacticity
✓Tacticityisdefinedas‘theorderlinessofthesuccessionof
configurationalrepeatingunitsinthemainchainofaregular
macromolecule’or“therelativestereochemistryofadjacentchiral
centerswithinamacromolecule”
✓Tacticitycansignificantlyaffectmanyphysicalpropertiesofpolymers
andconsequentlypossibleusefulapplications
✓atacticpolypropylenehasaT
gof–19°C,whereasisotactic
polypropylenehasaT
gof–8°C
Isotactic polymers Syndiotactic polymers
Atactic polymers

15. Polymerisation methods, initiators and catalysts
•Hightemperatureandpressurewithanorganicperoxideprovidingthe
freeradicalinitiator
•Lowtemperatureandpressureandusesanorganometalliccatalyst
LDPE
LLDPE

16. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
Crystallinity:Bedefinedasthefractionofapolymerthatconsistsof
regionsshowingthree-dimensionalorder
Asincreaseincrystallinityresultsdensityinincreasesinstiffness,softening
andmeltingpoints,tensilestrength,barriertomoistureandgasesand
resistancetooilandgreaseanddecreaseintransparency

17. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
•Molecular Weight:
✓weights(MW)typicallybetween50and200kDa.Apolymerhasvery
rarelyasingleMWbecausemoleculesofdifferentsizesareformed
duringthepolymerizationprocess.
✓Asthemolecularweightincreases,themeltingtemperature,the
viscosityofthemeltincreases,makingitmoredifficulttoprocess,but
mechanicalpropertiessuchastensilestrengthandstiffnessimprove,
whichisabenefit.
✓Thewiderthemolecularweightdistributionforagivenaverage
molecularweightofapolymer,thelessistheresistancetoflow
(viscosity)andthemeltingpoint

18. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
•Intermolecular Forces: Intermolecularforcesareresponsiblefor
holdingtogetheradjacentmolecules.Theyrangefromweakdispersion
forcestostrongdipole-dipoleinteractions,dependingonthechemical
structureofmolecules

19. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
•Intermolecular Forces
little or no branching chains are connected by a crosslink

20. Factors affecting the characteristics of polymers
•Additives
✓Antioxidant
✓UVstabilizersandinhibitors
✓Slipagents
✓Antistaticagents
✓Colors
✓Fillers

21. Oil Derived Polymers (Synthetic Polymers)
•Molecular Orientation

22. Synthetic Polymers for Food Packaging

23. Synthetic Polymers for Food Packaging
•Resin identification code

25. Polyethylene (PE)
•Themostcommonlyproducedplastic

26. Polyethylene (PE)
•The most common polyethylene types used in food packaging are high
density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and
linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).

27. LDPE LLDPE HDPE
Polymer Full NameLow Density Polyethylene Linear Low Density Polyethylene High Density Polyethylene
Structure
High degree of short chain branching +
long chain branching
High degree of short chain branching
Linear (or Low degree of short
chain branching)
Density 0.910-0.925 g/cm
3
0.915-0.935 g/cm
3
0.941-0.965 g/cm
3
Softening point 85-93
o
C 95-120
o
C > 120
o
C
Melting point 100-110 °C 110-125 °C 125-135 °C
T
min -57
o
C -57
o
C -46
o
C
Crystallinity
Low crystalline and high amorphous (less
than 50-60% crystalline)
Semi-crytalline, level between 35 to
60%
High crystalline and low amorphous
(>90% crystalline)
Characteristics
•Flexible and good transparency
•Good moisture barrier properties
•High impact strength at low temperature
•Excellent resistance to acids, bases
•Low resistance to fat and organic solvent
•High gas (O
2, CO
2, N
2)permeability
•Low printability
•As compared to LDPE, it has higher tensile
strength and higher impact and puncture
resistance
•Low resistant to oil and organic solvent
•Lower gas (O
2, CO
2, N
2) permeability than
LDPE
•Excellent resistance to acids, bases
•Better printability
•Excellent chemical resistance
•High tensile strength
•Excellent moisture barrier properties
(better than LDPE)
•Hard to semi-flexible
•Better resistance to fat and organic acid
than LDPE and LLDPE
•Excellent resistance to acids, bases
General Applications
Shrink wrap, films, squeezable bottles garbage
bags, extrusion moldings, and laminates
Inner most layer of multilayer packaging
Caps/trays
High performance bags, cushioning films, tire
separator films, industrial liners, elastic films,
ice bags, bags for supplemental packaging
and garbage bags
Outermost layer to provide moisture barrier
•Bottles, boxes, jars
•Caps
•Bags for antioxidant food products

28. LDPE

29. HDPE

30. Polypropylene (PP)

31. Polypropylene (PP)
•Structure

32. Polypropylene (PP)
•Density: 0.885-0.905 g/cm
3
•Softening point: 132-149
o
C
•Melting point: ~ 130to171°C
•T
min = -18
o
C
•T
sealing = 176°C
•PPisstrongandhasexcellentchemicalresistancewithhighmelting
pointmakingitgoodforhot-fillliquids/foodundergosterilization
•PPisfoundinbothflexibleandrigidpackaging

33. Polypropylene (PP)
•Excellentopticalclaritybothinbiaxiallyorientedfilms(BOPP)andstretch
blow-moldedcontainers.
•Highthermalresistanceduetothemethylgroupinthemainchain.
•Highresistancetochemicalsbuthaspooroxidativestabilities.Additionof
antioxidantsisthereforenecessaryforstabilityinapplicationsinvolving
oxidativeenvironments.
•Anon-toxic,easilyprocessablepolymer
•Gooddielectricandinsulationproperties
•Goodmechanicalproperties.
•High printability
•Hightensilestrength,mechanicalstrength(betterthanPE),shearstrength
•Hightolerancetoacid,base

34. Polypropylene (PP): Applications
•Plasticbagswith25-30mmforfreshproduce,sugar,salt
•Containersforyogurt,margarine,takeoutmealsanddelifoods,acid-containing
foods
•PPisusedinpackagingapplicationsasanalternativetopolyethylene.Dueto
higherstabilityofPE,itisgenerallypreferredoverPPinapplicationswherethe
finalproducthasapplicationsinoxidativeenvironment
•Container for microwavable foods

35. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
•PETisalinearthermoplasticaromaticpolymer

36. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
•Density: 1.4 g/cm
3
•Temperature resistant: -70
o
C-150
o
C
•Melting point: > 250°C
•Undergo contraction at 60
o
C
•Capabilityforhotfilling
•Opticalclarityandsmoothsurfacesfororientedfilmsandbottles
•Highimpactcapabilityandshatterresistance
•ThePETcanexistineitheramorphousorcrystallineform.This
broadenstherangeofapplicabilitytoawidevarietyofpackaging
applications.
https://www.toyo-
seikan.co.jp/e/product/beverage/petbottle/heatproofpressurebottle/

37. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
•AmorphousPETishighlytransparentbutisvulnerabletothermal
degradation.
•CrystallinePETishighinstrength,rigid,dimensionallystable,water
resistanceandthermallystable.
•CrystallinePETpossessesgoodresistancetochemicalsbutnotatgoodas
PEorPP.
•Highmechanicalstrength
•Rigid
•Superiorgasbarrierproperties:oxygen,waterandcarbondioxide,
makingitanidealchoiceinseveralfoodpackagingapplications.
•Excellentsolventresistance
•Hightolerancetoacid,base
•Goodprintability

38. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Application
•Boxes/Bottles/Jarsforcarbonateddrinks
•Plasticfilms/bottlesforfoodproductspasteurizedatlowtemperature
•Plasticfilmforantioxidantproducts
•MAPpackagingforfreshmeat

39. Polystyrene
•Density:1.05-1.06g/cm
3
•Temperaturetolerancerange:-62-88
o
C
•Polystyrenecanbesolidorfoamed
•Rigid
•clear,hard,andbrittle
•Highmechanicalstrength
•poorbarriertooxygenandwatervapour
•Goodresistancetooil,acid,base
•Goodprintability

40. Polystyrene

41. Nylon (PA6, PA66, PA11)
Nylon 11

42. Nylon (PA6, PA66, PA11)
•Condensationpolymerization
•Tendtoabsorbmoistureduetotheamidechemicalgroup
•Verytoughmaterials

43. Nylon 6, 66
•Meltingpointsare223°Cand255°Crespectively
•T
min=-70
o
C
•Superiorresistancetofuelandoil
•Lowgaspermeability
•Highwaterabsorptionandwaterequilibriumcontentlimitstheusage
•Attackedbystrongmineralacidsandabsorbspolarsolvents
•Highimpactstrengthevenatlowtemperature
•Verygoodflowpropertyforeasyprocessing
•Possessesgoodabrasionandwearresistance
•PA6hasexcellentsurfaceappearanceandbetterprocessabilitythanPA66(duetoitsverylowviscosity)
•Goodelectricalinsulatingproperties
•Properdryingbeforeprocessingisneeded
•Lowrigid(cannotproducebottles/boxes/jars)

44. Nylon 6, 66
https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polyamide-pa-nylon

45. Nylon 11
•Haslowestwaterabsorptionpropertyamongalltheavailablepolyamides
•Outstandingimpactstrength,evenattemperatureswellbelowthefreezingpoint.
•Resistanttochemicals(likegreases,fuels,commonsolventsandsaltsolutions)
•Outstandingresistancetostresscracking,agingandabrasions.
•Hasverylowcoefficientoffriction
•Showshighfatigueresistanceunderhighfrequencycyclicalloadingcondition
•Highlyresistanttoionizationradiation
•Possessesnoiseandvibrationdampingproperties
•Abilitytoaccepthighloadingoffillers
•Highcostrelativetootherpolyamides
•PoorresistancetoboilingwaterandUV
•Degradedbystrongmineralacidsandaceticacidandaredissolvedbyphenols.

46. Nylon-application
•Applicationinvacuumpackaging
•Packagingforfrozenfoods
•Applicationinmultilayerpackages

47. Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH)
•Density:1.14-1.19g/cm
3
•Temperaturetolerancerange:-17–150
o
C
•Thebestbarrierresistancetogasessuchasoxygen,nitrogen,andcarbondioxide(comparabletoPVDC)at
lowRHbutincreasesignificantlywiththeincreasingofRH.
•Donotabsorbodorcompounds
•highresistancetohydrocarbons,oilsandorganicsolvents
•flexible,crystalclear,glossythermoplasticcopolymer
•excellentflex-crackresistance
•Printable
•Costly
•Astrongantistaticpolymer,preventingdustadheringtothepackagewhenusedasasurfacecoating

48. Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH)
•Barriermaterialforfoodpackagingaccountingfor70–75%ofbarrier
filmsusedforretortablepouch.
•Packagesformicrowavablefoods
•Packagesforhighoil/fat-containingfoods
•Usedinmultilayerpackaging(themiddlelayerbetweenPEorPP)

49. POLYVINYLCHLORIDE -PVC
•Density:1,25–1,50g/cm³
•ResidualvinylchloridegasfromthePVCproductionprocessistoxictohuman→donotuse
forpackagesdirectlycontactwithfoods
•Presentintwoforms:unplasticizedpolymerandplasticizedpolymer(supplementedwith
plasticizers)
•Goodprintability
•Excellentelectricalinsulationproperties
•Verydurableandlonglastingmaterial

50. POLYVINYLCHLORIDE -PVC
•UnplasticizedPVC:goodbarriertogaspermeability,watervapor,
bettertolerancetolipidthanPE,goodtolerancetoacid/base,
degradablewhencontactwithsolvent.
•PlasticizedPVC(supplementedwithplasticizers):propertiesvary
withusedplasticizers,canhaveodorespeciallywhencontactwith
organicsolvent.

51. PVC: applications
•Secondarypackaging(uunplasticizedPVC)
•Otherindustries

52. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
•T
softening=135
o
C
•T
min=-18
o
C
•T
sealing=150
o
C
•Undergocontractionat120
o
C
•Excellentoxygenandwaterbarrier.Mostalternativebarrierpolymersoffer
justoneortheother.
•PVDC’spermeabilitypropertiesareunaffectedbyrelativehumidity
•Transparancy,mechanicalstrength,flexible,goodadhesion
•Notrecyclable(canproducehalogenatedorganicsandhydrogenchloride
→corrosion,toxic

53. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
Application
-Most popular material for fresh meat packing
-The barrier layer in multi-layer structures to enhance the
oxygen barrier
-Plastic bottles/jars

54. Plastic Extruder

55. Production of Plastic Containers
•Injection Molding

56. Production of Plastic Containers
•Blow Molding

57. The injection molding, extrusion and blow moulding
processes

58. Multilayer packaging
•Combinationofseverallayersofdifferentmaterialtoaquirethedesire
properties

59. Multilayer packaging
Chấtliệulàmmàng Chứcnăng
Màngparrafin Chốngẩmvàchốngxuyênthấm
khí
Màngchấtdẻo(chủyếu
làPE)
Chốngẩm,tạođộmềmchobao
bì,tạokhảnănghànkínbaobì,
tạomặtbóngtrangtrí
Màngkimloại(chủyếu
làmàngnhôm)
Chốngẩmvàchốngxuyênthấm
khí
Màngcellulose Tạonềnđểinnhãnhàngvà
trangtrí,tạokhungđểđịnhdạng
chobaobi,tăngđộbền
Màngkeo Gắnkếtcáclớpmàngtạothành
tấmmỏngnhiềulớp

60. Tetrapak

61. Multilayer packaging
•Avantages
•Cancombineavantagesofdifferencematerials
•Reducepackageweigh
•Goodbarriertogas,watervapor,water
•Automatedproduction
•Disadvantages
•Lowthermalresistance
•Applicationinasepticfillingmachine(cannotbeusedfor
pasteurilization/sterilization)

63. Properties of major packaging materials

64. Properties of major packaging materials

65. Properties of major packaging materials

66. Advantages of Plastic Packaging
•Highchemicalresistance
•Simpleandspeedyprocessing
•Canbesealedbyusingheat
•Light
•Diversedesign,form,printing
•CanbeeithertransparentorcolouredtoenhanceUVresistance
•Recyclable

67. Disadvantages of Plastic Packaging
•Someadditivescanbetoxictohuman
•Unrecycledplasticcauseseriouspollution

68. Bio-based Polymers (Bioplastics)
•Worldwide,400milliontonsofplasticproductsareproducedannuallyand
lessthan9%ofthemarerecycled→hugeenvironmentalproblem.
•Fossilfuel-derivedplasticspersistinthesurroundingsandtakeadecadeto
degrade.Theseplasticsdegradeintomicroplastics,whichcanquicklyenter
theanimal'sfoodwebandleadtobioaccumulation
•Replacetraditionalnon-biodegradablepolymers,whicharethecauseof
environmentalpollution,withbiodegradablepolymermaterialswith
physicalandmechanicalproperties.
•Amaterialisdefinedasabioplasticifitiseitherbio-based,biodegradable,
orshowsboththesetwoproperties.
•Biodegradable:degradationmechanismischaracterizedbythebreakdown
oforganicchemicalbymicroorganismstocarbondioxide,water,and
mineralsaltsofanyotherelementpresent(mineralization)andnewbiomass
(TheEuropeanNormEN13432)

69. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/world-oceans-day-
2020-new-iaea-research-records-dramatic-increase-in-
microplastic-pollution-in-eastern-tropical-pacific-ocean

72. Possible effects of microplastics (MPs) in human
body after exposure.

73. Adverse health effects of using synthetic
plastics.
M. Sukumar et. al.

74. The life cycle of bioplastics
CTC Clean Tech Consulting GmbH; WSJ reporting

75. Biodegradation of polymeric materials
•Inordertoshowcompletebiodegradability,abiodegradationlevelof
atleast90%mustbereachedinlessthan6months

76. Bio-based Polymers (Bioplastics)
Classification
•Category1:Polymersdirectlyextractedfrombiomasssuchas
carbonhydrates,proteins
•Category2:Polymersproducedbyclassicalchemicalsynthesisfrom
biomass/petroleummonomerssuchaspolylacticacid(PLA)and
biopolyethylene(bioPE)
•Category3:Polymersproduceddirectlybynaturalorgenetically
modifiedorganismssuchasthepolyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA)

77. Bio-based Polymers (Bioplastics)
Classification

78. Classification of the main biodegradable polymers

81. Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers

82. Thermoplastic starch
•Starchgranulesaresemi-crystallinestructuresmainlycomposedofamylose
(20%-35%)andamylopectin
•Themeltingtemperatureofpurestarchisgreatlyhigherthanthedecomposition
temperatureandthislimitsapplicationsasbioplasticinitsnaturalform→
requiredadditionofplasticizers(glycerol,orsorbitol)
•Plasticizationofstarchproducesthermoplasticstarchor“TPS,”whichsoftens
andcanbeshapedormoldedathightemperatureandsolidifiedatroom
temperature.

83. Thermoplastic starch
•Varietiesofplasticizednativeandmodifiedstarch,includingcassava,
corn,andpotato,areusedtofabricatefoodpackaging
•Starchishighlyhygroscopicduetolargenumbersofhydroxylgroups
thatreadilyabsorbwaterfromtheenvironment.
•Increasingplasticizers→reducetensilestrength,increaseelongation,
diffusion,andpermeabilitythroughpolymermatrices
•Blendingwithotherpolymersandadditives→avarietyofmaterial
properties,includingmeltflowcharacteristicsandphysical,
mechanical,andbarrierpropertiesoffinalpackaging

84. Thermoplastic starch
•Advantages
-Costeffective
-Renewable
-Non-toxic
-Environmentalfriendly
•Disadvantages
-Lowwaterresistance
-Lowmechanicalstrength
-Lowstability
-Stickysurface

86. Polylactic Acid (PLA)

87. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
•PLAisafamilyofbiodegradablethermoplasticpolyesterwhichisseenas
oneofthemostpromisingpolymersforcommercialuseasasubstitutefor
low-densitypolyethylene(LDPE)andhigh-densitypolyethylene(HDPE),
polystyrene(PS)andpolyethyleneterephthalate(PET)
•PLAischemicallysynthetisedstartingfromsimplesugarsobtainedfrom
biomassandfermentedtolacticacid
•PLAhasreasonablygoodoptical,physical,mechanical,andbarrier
properties
•PLA-oxygenbarriervaluesareintermediatebetweenPETandPSwhile
watervapourpermeabilityissimilartothePA6polyamide

88. Properties of PLA
•Amorphousglassypolymerto
semi-crystallineandhighly
crystallinepolymer
•Meltingtemperature:130-180°C
•Glasstransitiontemperature(Tg)
ofaround60°C-67°C
•Solubleinorganicsolvent(dioxan,
tetrahydrofuran,benzene)

89. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
•Advantages
ComparabletoPETplastics
Costeffective
Lowgasandoilpermeability
Moderatewaterpermeability
barrierpropertieswitharomaandflavorretentionoffoodmaterials
As strongas many conventional plastics
Freezer-safe
Temperature tolerance up to 90
o
C
Non-toxic and 100% renewable
•Disadvantages
Gaspermeabilitydependsonhumidity
Notsuitableforpackingfoodtobesterilized
Thermoplastic Starch (TPS)/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Trays

90. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
•Applications:PLAcanhavebroadestrangeofapplications.
✓cups(coldcups)
✓delicontainers
✓Cutlery
✓saladbowls
✓straws

92. Cellulose polysaccharide
•ThehighM
wofpolysaccharidescausesnetworkrigidityandgives
highTgandTmvaluesthatlimittheconventionalfabrication
processesforpackaging→Plasticizersarerequiredtoimprove
flexibilityandprocessability
•Esterification(celluloseacetate,celluloseacetatepropionate,and
celluloseacetatebutyrate)yieldscellulosederivativesthataresuitable
forthermoplasticprocessing

93. Cellulose polysaccharide
•Cellulose-based

94. Cellulose polysaccharide
•Cellulose-basedpackages

95. Chitosan and chitin
•Chitinandchitosan:animal-derivednitrogenouspolysaccharides
Exhibitantimicrobialactivities→antimicrobialpackaging

96. Chitosan and chitin
•Appliedasediblecoating

97. Chitosan and chitin
•Appliedasediblecoating

98. Chitosan and chitin
•Appliedasediblecoating

99. Polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA)
•PHAsareafamilyofintracellularbiopolymersproducedbybacterial
fermentationofsugarorlipids
•PHAsareformedmainlyfromsaturatedandunsaturated
hydroxyalkanoicacids
•Therearemorethan300differentmicroorganismsthatgeneratePHAs
asnaturalenergyreserves.
•ThemeltingpointofPHBisaround177°C,closetoPP,givingthermal
stability

100. Polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA)
•SomeofthegeneralcharacteristicsofPHAs:
✓Waterinsolubleandrelativelyresistanttohydrolyticdegradation
✓Goodultravioletresistancebutpoorresistancetoacidsandbases
✓Solubleinchloroformandotherchlorinatedhydrocarbons
✓Biocompatibleandhencesuitableformedicalapplications
✓Sinksinwater,facilitatingitsanaerobicbiodegradationinsediments
✓Nontoxic
✓Lessstickythantraditionalpolymerswhenmelted.

101. Polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA)

102. PHA
production
from bacteria

103. Polyhydroxyalkanoate(PHA)

104. Pizzoliand Bio-on to build Italy's first PHA
bioplastic production plant using potato waste

105. Polyhydroxybutyrate(PHB)
•Amemberofthebacterialpolyesters,producedbyBacillusmagaterium
•ameltingtemperature(Tm)of180
o
C,
•aglasstransitiontemperature(Tg)of5
o
C
•completelybiodegradable
•Exceptforitsbiodegradability,PHBissimilartoPPintheproperties.PHB
ismorerigidandbrittleandhasverygoodbarrierproperties.
•Canbeusedasasurgicalimplant,insurgery,asseamthreadsforthe
healingofwoundsandbloodvesselsbecauseofitscompatibilitywiththe
bloodandtissuesofmammals

106. Fermentation to produce PHB from biomass

108. Polybutylene succinate (PBS)
•Density:1.26g/cm
3
•Meltingpoint:84-115°C
•GlassTransitionTemp:-40--22℃
•ExcellentprocessibilityasgoodasLDPE
•Excellentadhesionandsealstrength
•Excellentprintability
•Suitableforhotfoodserviceware
•SignificantlylowerO
2permeabilitythanPLAandLDPE
•ComparablewaterpermeabilitytoPLA
•Flexibility
http://asuka-platech.com/wp/wp-
content/uploads/2013/12/BIOPBS.pdf

109. Polybutylene succinate (PBS)

110. Bio-Derived Polyethylene
•Ethanolproducedbyfermentationfromrenewableresourcescanbeas
arawmaterialforBio-PEproduction.
•Sugar→Ethanol→Ethylene→BioPE
•Bio-PEischemicallyandphysicallyidenticaltotraditionalPE
•Bio-PEisnotdegradablebutcanberecycled
typical Bio-PE production process

111. Bio-Derived
Polyethylene

112. Improving the integrity of biopolymer used in
food packaging by crosslinking approach
•Improveintergrity
•Providereducedwatervaporandgasespermeabilityinfood
packagingmaterials

113. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH)
•Watersoluble
•Density:1.19–1.31g/cm
3
•Meltingpoint:200°C
•Excellentgasbarrier/oxygenbarrier
•Barriertooilsgreaseandsolvents
•Printable
•Odourandperfumebarrierpropertiessuitedforunit-dosecosmetics
•Injectionandblowmouldable:canbeusedinpharmaceuticalcapsulesforhumanoranimal
ingestion,anon-animal-derivedgelatinreplacement

114. Common crosslinking agents used for some biofilms

118. Gelatin
•Transparentfilmwithadequatemechanicalproperties,excellentO2
barrierpropertiesatlowrelativehumidityandhighwatervapor
permeability
•Processingmethod:Extrusion,hotandcoldsolutioncastingand
coating
•Application:Compositeandbi-layerfilms,sausagecasingsandpoultry
coatings,filmsandcoatingswithbiomedicalapplications(likewound
dressing)andfunctionalfilmswithantimicrobialagents

119. Gelatin-based composite films

120. Gelatin-based composite films
•Gelatine-basedcompositefilmsandcoatingsonfoodpreservation

121. Gelatin-based composite films
•Gelatin-basedcompositefilmsandcoatingsonfoodpreservation

122. Gelatin-based composite films
•Gelatin-basedcompositefilmsandcoatingsonfoodpreservation

123. Milk protein plastic

124. Plastic From Seaweed

125. Biodegradable food packaging from agricultural
residue (sugar cane, rice straw, banana stems)

126. Edible Coatings

127. Edible coatings
•Atransparentfilmontheproducesurface
•Mode of action:
Regulatingwatervaporandgases(O
2andCO
2)andflavorcompounds
transferinoroutoftheproduce
•Impactsonproducequality
-Betterappearance(imparts gloss, better color)
-Reduces weight loss
-Extends storage life
-Minimize microbial spoilage
•Application:fruit,meat,seafood

128. Edible coatings
•Equipment
abatchtankandspraying
nozzlestodepositthecoating
dispersiononfoodpiecesasthey
moveoveraconveyorroller

129. Edible coatings
•Requirementforcoatingmaterials
✓Moderatelylowpermeabilitytooxygenandcarbondioxide
✓Lowwatervaporpermeabilityinordertoretarddesiccation
✓Sensory inertness or compatibility

130. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings (Starches, Cellulose and Its Derivative,
Anionic Polysaccharides, Chitosan)
-BarriertoCO
2andO
2:
-Barrier to water vapor:
-Moisture sensitive:

131. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings: Starches
✓Brittle
✓Require the presence of
plasticizers to improve
their flexibility
✓Example of coating
solution: 10 g NaOH/ L +
20 g starch/ L + H
2O →
neutralized by H
3PO4 +
glycerol (plasticiser)
J Sci Food Agric 1998, 76, 411-420
Effect of starch coating on
strawberries
Infection rate
Weigh loss
Firmness
control
Starches
coating
corn
potato
high amylose corn
amylose-rich product

132. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings: Cellulose and its Derivatives
✓Water solubility can be
conferred by etherification:
methyl cellulose (MC),
hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC),
hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
(HPMC), and CMC
✓good film-forming properties
✓Example of coating solution
from MC: MC (3 g/100 ml)
dissolve in H
2O: EtOH (31:11)
→ add glycerol (1.9 g/100 g)
Moisture Respiration
Firmness Flesh color
noncoated
coated
Green
Red
climacteric increases
Effect of MC coating on Avocado (stored at 20
o
C)

133. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings: Anionic Polysaccharides (Pectins, Alginates)
alginates
mannuronic
guluronic
pectin
galacturonic acid
High-methoxyl pectins (HMP) forms gels with
sugar and acid
High-methoxyl pectins (LMP) forms gels in the
presence of divalent cations such as Ca
2+
Form gel in presence of cations such as Ca
2+

134. Edible coatings
•Chemical composition of edible coating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings: Anionic Polysaccharides (Pectins, Alginates)
Example of pectin coating solution: Pectin + 45%
(pectindrybasis)ofsorbitol+40%(pectindrybasis)
meltedbeeswax→14,000 rpm for 4 min
Respiration rate
5 days shift in climacteric peak
Firmness
Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 32 (2008) 621–643.
Effect of pectin coating on avocado

135. Edible coatings
•Polysaccharide-Based Coatings:
Chitosan and chitin

136. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings: Chitosan
-Cationic character
-Antimicrobial activity
→ Inhibit microbial
growthinfresh
producesurfaces

137. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings: Chitosan
-Exampleofchitosancoatingsolution:2gchitosan+900mlD.I
water+50mlglacialaceticacid,pH 5.0
Infection rate
Fungal growth inhibition
low molecular weight chitosan, 15 KDa
High molecular weight chitosan, 357 KDa
fungicide
Effect of chitosan coating on citrus
Food Chemistry 100 (2007) 1160–1164

138. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
1.Polysaccharide-Based Coatings: Chitosan
CH: chitosan
AVG: aloe vera gel
Coatings2021,11(11), 1366
Coatingreducedweight
lossbyabout5%,and
alsodelayedripeningand
oxidative decay
comparedtotheuncoated
pineapple

139. Edible coatings
•Thesodiumalginate(SA)coatingwashelpfulforthequalitymaintenanceof
frozenyellowcroaker

140. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
2. Protein based coating
-Protein: linear copolymer of 20 amino acids
-Protein film formation: denaturation of protein followed by association of
polypeptides chains through new intermolecular interaction: covalent bonds
and noncovalent(ionic,hydrogen,andvanderWaals)interaction
-Properties:
✓Denaturation,electrostaticcharges,andamphiphiliccharacter
✓BarriertoCO
2andO
2:
✓Barrier to water vapor:

141. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
2. Protein based coating
Mostutilizedmaterialsforprotein-basedcoating
Polymers (Basel). 2021 Mar; 13(5): 769

142. Edible coatings
•Antibacterialeffectofwheyproteincoating+alginatecoatingincorporatedwith
thelactoperoxidasesystem(LPOS)onchickenthighmeat
whey protein–alginate coating with no LPOS (C-0)
whey protein–alginate coating with 2% LPOS (C-2)
whey protein–alginate coating with 4% LPOS (C-4)
whey protein–alginate coating with 6% LPOS (C-6)
whey protein–alginate coating with 8% LPOS (C-8)
Food Sci Nutr. 2018;6:878–883.

143. Edible coatings
•Chemicalcompositionofediblecoating
3. Lipid based coating
-Notbiopolymers→notabletoformcohesive,self-supportingfilms
-Usedascoatingsorincorporatedintobiopolymerstoformcomposite
films
-Vapor barrier:
-Examples:Waxes, Triglycerides

144. Edible coatings
Effects on fruits

145. Edible coatings
Effects on meats/fishes/bakery

146. Edible coatings