Plastids

1. PLASTIDS BY- SHEETAL BISHT

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TYPES OF PLASTIDS CHLOROPLAST FUNCTION OF CHLOROPLAST

3. INTRODUCTION Plastids are large cytoplasmic organelles. Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis and the types of pigments used in photosynthesis and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell’s colour.

4. The term plastids was derived from the Greek word plastikas meaning formed or moulded. This term was coined by schimper in 1885. In plants, plastids may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they need to play in the cell. The plastids are broadly classified into two main types namely chromoplasts and leucoplasts.

5. TYPES OF PLASTIDS CHROMOPLAST LEUCOPLAST CHLOROPLAST

6. CHROMOPLAST Chroma (Colour) + Plast (Living). They may be round or needle shaped ellipsoidal. These are colour plastids containing carotenoids, Xanthophyl and other pigments. It’s found in flower petals, fruit, some roots. Flower are coloured by chromoplast and insects attract towards flower for pollination and dispersal. There is reduce chlorophyll in chromoplast.

7. For Red colour Pigmentation – Charotein family Lycopene For Yellow colour - Xanthophyll For Brown colour – Fucoxanthene In bacteria various pigments like phycocyamin, chlorophyll, carotenoid, erythrin etc are present. They are following types: (1) Phaeoplast : Phaeo- Dark or Brown. Pigment – Fucoxanthene. Found in diatoms. (2) Rhodoplast : Pigment – Phaeoerythrin. Found in red algal.

8. LEUCOPLAST Leuco (White) + Plast (Living). They are colorless. They are found in embryonic and germ cells and meristematic cell. Leucoplasts don’t have thylakoid and ribosome. They store the food materials.

9. TYPES OF LEUCOPLAST PROTEINOPLAST : It stores protein as aleurone molecule. So it’s also called as Aleuronoplast. Eg – Riccicus comunis. AMYLOPLAST : They store starch. Eg – Potato, Rice. ELAIOPLASTS : They store Lipid. It’s found seeds of monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

10. CHLOROPLAST Discovered – Schimper Chlor (green) + plast (living) It’s present mostly in the green algae and higher plants. In higher plants the chloroplasts are generally lens shaped, about 2-4µm wide and 5-10µm long. Number of chloroplasts from 20 to 40 per cell in higher plant. This is double membranous organelles. This is the most active photosynthetic tissue.

11. STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST

12. Proteinaceous ground substance present in it ῶ is called stroma. 70s Ribosome, granum, thylakoid, oxyphilic drops, starch, protein etc are found in stroma. Circular DNA is present which is called plastidom. In presence of DNA, RNA It’s called cell of cell or Semi-Autonomous organ. In chloroplast, Chlorophyll a and b RNA are found. In general chloroplasts have a double helical DNA circular with an average length of 45mm (about 1,35,000 base pair).

13. FUNCTION OF CHLOROPLAST Photosynthesis : Photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplast. Thses are considered as the centers of photosynthetic. Protein Synthesis : They have sufficient amount of mRNA of its own. So chloroplast activity incorporate amino acid into protein, in the presence of CO 2 . Calvin cycle occurs in it/in stroma.

14. Mutation : This is known as plastid mutation. After mutation plastid may perform altered functions. Cytoplasmic Heredity : It occurs in present of DNA. Role in Krebs Cycle and Fatty Acid Synthesis : It provides enzymes. Light reaction occurs in granum.

15. THANK YOU