pleural effusion-1.pdf Types, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigation, treatment

this presentation is related to pulmonary disorders i. e pleural effusion.

4. •TYPES

5. •Pathophysiology

7. •Causes

8. •Clinical Features

9. •Signs
Inspection
1. Tachypnea
Palpation
1. Trachea
2. Apex beat
3. Vocal fremitus
Percussion
1. Stony dull
Auscultation
1. Breath sounds
2. Vocal resonance

10. •Investigation
CXR
1.Curved shadow of lung base
2.Blunting of costophrenicangle
3.Ascending of fluid towards axilla

11. Ultrasound
1.More accurate
2.Detects presence of fluid
3.Transdudate→clear hypoechoic space
4.Exudate→floating densities
5.Empyema →presence of septation
CT scan
1.Malignancy
Ultrasound or CT guided pleural biopsy
1.Pathological & Microbiological Analysis

12. Thoracocentesis
1.Gram staining
2.Transudate vs Exudate

13. •Treatment
Transudativeeffusion
1.Diuretics
2.Sodium restriction
Exudative effusion
1.Treat underlying cause
Parapneumiceffusion
1.Uncomplicated => antibiotics
2.Complicated => chest tube drainage
3.=>intrpleuralinjection of streptokinase, urokinase, t-PA
=>surgical lysis of Adhesions

14. Drainage of effusion
1.Symptomatic => Breathlessnes
2.Should be <2L/day (Re expansion Pulmonary edema)
Other Measures
1.Pleurodesis