Pneumonia

JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN
PHARM-D
RAMSHA TAREEN , SOHAIBA SOHAIL , MAHRUKH KHAN , IFRAH AHMED

1. PNEUMONIA PRESENTED BY GROUP NO # 3

2. INTRODUCTION Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of your lungs. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung. Characterized primarily by inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs .

3. Most cases of pneuomina are caused by microorganism. non infectious causes I nclude aspiration of food G astric acid foreign bodies hydrocarbons and lipid substances hypersensitivity reaction. Drug or radiation induced pneumonitis.

4. TYPES OF PNEUMONIA

5. TYPES OF PNEUMONIA…

6. LOBAR PNEUMONIA :- it affects a section (lobe) of a lung.

7. Bronchial pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia) :- It affects patches throughout both lungs.

8. COMMUNITY –ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA Community-acquired pneumonia develops in people with limited or no contact with medical institution. The most commonly identified pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , atypical bacteria and viruses . Symptoms and signs are fever, cough, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and chest x-ray. Treatment is with empirically chosen antibiotics

9. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

10. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS High fever, Shaking Chills Shortness of breath ( Dyspnea ) Increased breathing rate Chest pain when you breathe deeply or cough Dusky or purplish skin color (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood Fatigue and muscle aches Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum

11. ETIOLOGY BACTERIAL INFECTION streptococcus pneumoniae Group B streptococci Group A streptococci Mycoplasma pneumoniae chlamydia pneumoniae  chlamydia trachomatis  Mixed anaerobes Gram-negative enteric.

12. VIRAL INFECTION Adenoviridae (adenoviruses) Coronaviridae (coronaviruses) Bunyaviridae ( arboviruses ) -Hantavirus Orthomyxoviridae ( orthomyxoviruses ) - Influenza virus Papovaviridae ( polyomavirus ) FUNGAL INFECTION Histoplasma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans . Aspergillus species . Mucomycosis . Coccidioides immitis . Blastomyces dermatitides . MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTION Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium-inteacellulare .

13. CAUSATIVE AGENTS IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

14. DIAGNOSIS Chest x-ray Blood test Pulse oximetry Bronchoscopy Sputum test through sputum test we analyze in following ways :-

15. Streptococcus pneumoniae : Rust-colored sputum Pseudomonas, Haemophilus , and pneumococcal species : May produce green sputum Klebsiella species pneumonia : Red currant-jelly sputum Anaerobic infections : Often produce foul-smelling or bad-tasting sputum Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eating Older people who have pneumonia sometimes have sudden changes in mental awareness.

16. COMPLICATIONS Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia) Lung abscess.  Build up of fluid in the space between the lung and chest wall (pleural effusion). Difficulty breathing.  Shock and respiratory failure Septic arthritis Endocarditis

17. TREATMENT Most people can be treated at home. If pneumonia becomes so severe that treatment is in the hospital, you may receive fluids and antibiotics in your veins, oxygen therapy, and possibly breathing treatments.

18. GOALS OF THERAPY Eradication of the offending organism. Selection of an appropriate antibiotic. To minimize associated morbidity.

19. GENERAL APPROACH TO TREATMENT Adequacy of respiratory function Humidified oxygen for hypoxemia Bronchodilators (albuterol) Chest physiotherapy with postural drainage Adequate hydration if necessary Expectorants such as guaifenesin Chest pain- analgesics

20. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA Selection of an antimicrobial agent Empirical use of relatively broad spectrum antibiotic Narrow spectrum antibiotics to cover specific pathogen Potential pathogens involved Age Previous &current medication history Underlying disease Present clinical status

21. ANTIOBIOTICS Penicillin: common penicillin used to treat pneumonia- Amoxicillin  (AMOXIL)   amoxicillin clavulanate (Augmentin) Ampicillin ( Rimacillin ) Benzylpenicillin  ( Crystapen ) Piperacillin-tazobactam  ( Tazocin ) Ticarcillin-clavulnate  ( Timentin ). There is a risk of a type of jaundice if you take amoxicillin clavulanate  (affects liver function)

22. Macrolides : Often prescribed. Interference with other medicines. Stomach cramps and can damage liver if taken for long time. Common macrolides used are- Azithromycin (Zithromax) Clarithromycin ( Klaricid ) Erythromycin ( Erymax ,  Erythrocin ). 3. Ceftaroline , a cephalosporin, is newly approved for the treatment against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus  (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia.

23. Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro ) Levofloxacin ( levo ) Gemifloxacin Side effects include- Nervous system, mental, and heart problems Sensitivity to light Pregnant women should not take these medications.

24. VIRAL PNEUMONIA Viral pneumonias – when viruses are etiological agents Viral pneumonia  Mild and self-limited illness to a Life-threatening disease Four Most commom viruses encountered Influenza virus Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Adenovirus Parainfluenza virus

25. TREATMENT

26. MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMONIA Don't smoke. Practice good hygiene. Stay rested and fit. Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness. Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition) can decrease the risk of pneumonia. Get a Pneumonia Vaccination.

27. VACCINATION Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( Prevnar ): For children less than 2 years of age or between two and four years with certain medical conditions. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ( Pneumovax ) : Adults who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen.