PNEUMONIA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.pptx

PNEUMONIA PHARM.D 2ND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1. PNEUMONIA BY: ARUNKUMAR P PHARM.D-II YEAR 21408105

2. PNEUMONIA: Pneumonia is a type of lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. It occurs when the air sacs in the lungs become inflamed and fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. Pneumonia can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

3. ETIOLOGY: Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Bacteria: The most common bacteria that cause pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Viruses: Common viruses that cause pneumonia include influenza (the flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronavirus (including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19). Fungi: Fungal pneumonia is less common than bacterial or viral pneumonia, but it can occur in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. Parasites: Parasitic pneumonia is rare but can be caused by organisms such as Strongyloides stercoralis and Toxoplasma gondii.

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY: 2.5 million people died from pneumonia in 2019, with roughly 33% of these being children younger than 5 years.  

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Infection to the lung ( eg. bacteria, virus) Inflammatory response initiated Alveolar edema + exudate formation Alveoli & respiratory bronchioles fill with serous exudate, blood cells, fibrin, bacteria Consolidation of lung tissues

6. CLASSIFICATION: Classified based on two types Type 1 Lobar pneumonia Bronchopneumonia Type 2 Community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)

7. Type 1: LOBAR PNEUMONIA : Lobar pneumonia is acute bacterial infection of a part of lobe the entire lobe, or even two lobes of one or both the lungs.

8. BRONCHOPNEUMONIA: Bronchopneumonia is infection of the terminal bronchioles that extends into the surrounding alveoli resulting in patchy consolidation of the lung.

9. Type 2: COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (CAP): Pneumonia which develops in healthy person outside of hospital or have been in hospital for less than 48hrs. HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (HAP): Pneumonia that was developed in a patient hospitalized for greater than 48 hrs.

10. STAGES: CONGESTION RED HEPATIZATION GREY HEPATIZATION RESOLUTION

11. STAGES: CONGESTION: Occurs in the first 24 hours After the pneumococcus organism reaches the alveoli, there is an outpouring of fluids into alveoli. The organism multiplies in the serous fluid and infection spreads RED HEPATIZATION: Occurs in the 2-3 days after consolidation The massive dialation of the capillaries and alveoli that are filled with this organism, neutrophils, RBC, and fibrin. The lung appears red and granular, similar to that of liver which is why the process is called hepatization.

12. GRAY HEPATIZATION: Occurs in the 2-3 days after red hepatization Blood flow decreases and leukocytes and fibrin consolidate in the affected part of lung. RESOLUTION: Complete resolution and healing occurs if there is no complications. The exudates become lysed and is processed by macrophages. The normal lung tissue is restored and the persons gas exchange ability returns to normal.

13. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: The symptoms of pneumonia can vary depending on the cause of the infection, but they often include: Cough, which may produce phlegm Fever Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Chest pain, especially when coughing or taking a deep breath Fatigue Sweating and shaking chills Headache Loss of appetite Nausea , vomiting

14. DIAGNOSIS: CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS PHYSICAL EXAMINATION HISTORY SIGN AND SYMTOMS CHEST X-RAY CT SPUTUM SAMPLES AND BLOOD TESTS

15. TREATMENT: Pneumonia may be treated with antibiotics, if it is bacterial, preferably amoxicillin dispersible tablets. Most cases of pneumonia require oral antibiotics. Hospitalization is recommended only for severe cases of pneumonia.

16. PREVENTION: Vaccines are usually administered to prevent infection by viruses and bacteria.  Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar): For children less than 2 years of age or between two and four years with certain medical conditions. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine(Pneumovax): Adults who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen.

17. MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMONIA: Don't smoke. Practice good hygiene. Stay rested and fit. Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness. Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition) can decrease the risk of pneumonia. Get a Pneumonia Vaccination.

18. COMPLICATIONS: Pleural effusion Empyema Lung abscess Bacteremia Sepsis Meningitis Septic arthritis Endocarditis or pericarditis

19. THANK YOU