POINTED GOURD

Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx

1. POINTED GOURD Trichosanthes dioica 1 Trichosanthes dioica – microsporogenesis correlated with dioecy (Patel, 1952; Roy et a. , 1982) 2n=24 Origin : India or the Indo-Malayan region Submitted by S.ADHIYAMAAN (2017603401) I- M.Sc.,VEGETABLE SCIENCE DEPT. OF VEGETABLE CROPS HC & RI, TNAU, CBE.- 641 003

2. Origin & distribution It is a tropical vegetable crop native to India(Indo-Malayan region ) . Widely cultivated in Eastern part of India & plains of North India from Punjab to Assam . Extensively cultivated all over Bihar, West Bengal , Odisha & Assam . Bengal-Assam area is the primary centre of origin of pointed gourd .

3. Introduction Among the indigenous cucurbits pointed gourd occupies an important place . It is a dioecious annual or perennial herbaceous vegetable, also known as “green potato . Grown widely throughout Asia, Australia & Bangladesh . Fruits of pointed gourd plant are used as vegetable in Indian traditional food system for time immemorial.

4. Botanical Classification Kingdom Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Cucurbitales Family Cucurbitaceous Genus Trichosanthes Species dioica Botanical name Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Common name Pointed Gourd,Parwal

5. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION It is a perennial, dioecious cucurbit grown as vine. Vine are pencil thick in size . Leaves : Dark green, cordate, ovate , oblong, rigid, simple & not lobed. Roots- Tuberous with long tap root system Flowers- Dioecious , tubular white with 16-19 days initiation to anthesis time for pistillate flowers & 10-14 days for staminate flowers, stigma remains viable for approximately 14 hrs .

6. Calyx - Sepals 5, gamosepalous imbricate activation Corolla - Petals 5, gamopetalous , margin of each petal ends in hair like structure special out growth are found on the petal called papilla Androecium-3 stamens united filaments free. Gynoecium - Superior ovary parietal placentation fruit long more than 20- 30 cm pepo tapering with white and green patulous . Fruits - Globose , oblong, smooth, striped. Seeds - Globose BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Cont .

7. KEY TO GENERA Corolla rotate or companulate to the base, petals fimbriate on the margin Floral biology Anthesis = 6-9 p.m Pollen viable – 10 hr of before anther dehiscence till the 49 hrs after dehiscence Stigma receptivity – 7 hrs before anthesis and 51 hrs after anthesis

8. Nutritional value of pointed gourd (per 100g fresh weight of edible fruits) (Singh et al., 1989 & 2001;Choudhury 1996) Constituents Amount Moisture 92 g Protein 0.7 g Fibre 3.0 g Carbohydrates 2.2 g Energy 20 kcal Calcium 30 mg Phosphorous 40 mg Iron 1.7 mg Carotene 153 mg Thiamine 0.05 mg Riboflavin 0.06 mg Vitamin C 29 mg

9. Comparison of Nutritional value

10. Immature fruits used as vegetables . Its young leaves are very nutritive & are used as leafy vegetable . Shoot tips are also consumed.(Anon 1998 ) Also pickled, used in confectionaries.(Paris & Maynard 2008 ). Fruits are used in making curry & fried . A famous sweet by putting fruits in sugar syrup is made in India. USES

11. Medicinal value It is a very ancient ayurvadic medicinal herb used in many medicines Recommended for bronchitis, high fever and nervousness Good for curing blood & skin diseases, also purifies blood Light & easy to digest , improves digestion strength Have diuretic & laxative properties It is cardiotonic Balances cough

12. Based on shape, size & striations fruits can be grouped in to 5 categories (Singh, 1989) 1) Long, dark green with white stripes

13. 2) Thick ,dark green with very pale green stripes,10-16 cm long

14. 3) Roundish, dark green with white stripes, 5-8 cm long

15. 4)Tapering, green & striped,5-8 cm long

16. 5) Pale-white oval fruits without any markings In Madhya Pradesh, this cultivar is popular (More & Shinde,2003 )

17. Riverbed cultivation of pointed gourd Target- Offseason market

18. Varieties Swarna Alaukik It is a HYV . Developed by ICAR research complex for eastern region Ranchi, Jharkhand . Fruits are 5-8 cm long,solid,thin skin & good for vegetable as well as preparation of sweets . Average yield is 230-280 q/ha on vertical staking. Recommended for upland & plataeu regions of Bihar,Gangetic plains of U.P,plains of Odisha & W.B .

19. Swarna Rekha: A vigorously growing HYV. Developed at ICAR research complex for eastern region Ranchi, Jharkhand. Fruits are greenish white , 8-10 cm long & tapering to both sides. Avg. yield 200-300 q/ha on vertical bower system. Recommended for plains & plateau region of Bihar. Rajendra parwal-1: Developed at Rajendra Agriculture University,Samastipur,Bihar. Fruits are big sized. Average yield is 140-150 q/ha Varieties

20. Rajendra parwal-2: Developed at Rajendra Agriculture University,Samastipur,Bihar. Fruits are dark green with white stripes. Suitable for cultivation in Bihar & U.P. Avg. yield 150-170 q/ha Faizabad parwal-1: Developed at Narendradev university of agriculture & technology,Faizabad,U.P. It produces very attractive green round fruits. Avg. yield is 150-170 q/ha It is recommended for commercial cultivation in U.P & adjoining parts of Bihar. Varieties

21. Faizabad parwal-3: fruits are spindle shaped, green & less striped. They are excellent for culinary purpose. Avg. yield 125-150 q/ha It is suitable for eastern & western U.P . Faizabad Parwal-4: HYV & recommended for reclaimed sodic soil. Fruits light green colour,spindle shaped with tapering end. Recommended for bower system of cultivation . Varieties

22. Chess hybrid-1: It is the 1 st parwal variety developed in the country. Fruits are very attractive ,large sized, dark green stripped weighing about Avg . yield 280-300q/ha . It is adopted to upland of Bihar,U.P, Odisha ,W.B & parts of Assam. Resistant to Fruit fly infestation . Chess Hybrid-2: It is a high yielding variety produced dark green stripped fruits Avg wt. of each fruit is 25-30g Avg yield is 300-400 q/ha Varieties

23. Chhota Hilli: Fruits are medium sized, oval to spindle shaped, swollen in middle. Greenish with prominent white stripped ,blunt at the stalk . Dandali: Fruits medium sized, egg shaped, light green. Stalk end dispersed, slightly stripped & group towards distal end. Hilli: Fruits are oblong,length of fruit is avg.9.6 cm & width is avg. 3 cm Greenish fruit with white stripe, tapering towards distal end with disperse neck.

24. Konkan Haritha Fruits dark green , 30-35 cm long tapering at both the ends, yields 10 -12 fruits per vine . Varieties developed from IIVR, Varanasi: IIVR PG-1,IIVR PG-2, IIVR PG-105(seedless). CHPG-15 It has been identified as most promising line of pointed gourd I t is tolerant to powdery mildew & Fusarium wilt.

25. Climate Prefers warm, humid climate. Severe cold / frost are unfavorable for plant growth & development, crop remains dormant during winter. Vigorous growth starts only with the onset of spring . Soil Well drained sandy to sandy loam soil with good fertility Does not with stand water logging In W.B, it is commonly grown in river beds

26. PROPAGATION By vine cuttings & root suckers Seed propagation is avoided due to poor germination & inability to determine sex of the plants before flowering(50% plants may be male ). Fresh vines with 8-10 nodes per cuttings are suitable for field planting . Prepared cuttings Spacing = (2 X 2)m Female to male = 10:1

27. Watering to the prepared cuttings

28. FIELD LEVELING

29. PIT PREPARATION

30. Nutrition At the time of land preparation 20-25 tonnes of farmyard manure per ha is mixed with the soil in the furrows or in pits. A fertilizer dose of 90kg of N, 60kg of P 2 5 and 60kg of K 2 0 per hectare is advocated to the pointed gourd.

31. PLANTING OF CUTTINGS

32. Lunda and Lachhi method Moist lump method Straight vine method Small rooted cuttings DIFFERENT METHODS OF PLANTING

33. Lunda and Lachhi method Vines 1-1.5m lomg with 8-9 nodes are folded an “8’’ known as lunda or lachhi and placed flat in the pit Pressed 3-5cm deep in the middle in to soil and cover with fresh cow dung Moist lump method 60 -90cm vine circled over a lump of moist soil leaving both ends free and planting in the pit leaving both end above the ground. Under growing vine develops root and exposed ends give sprout

34. Straight vine method Cuttings are planted end to end horizotally 15cm deep in to furrows filled with mix of FYM and soil Small rooted cuttings : small cuttings with 3-4 nodes treated with IBA @100 ppm planted in poly bags contains mix of soil: sand: and FYM at 1:1:1 Root suckers: Roots are uprooted and planted in the mounds It is easy and faster method Tuber size of 58.53g with appln of NPK 60:60:60 kg /ha

35. Manure & fertilizer FYM @20-25 t/ha should be applied to the field at the time of field preparation before planting of cuttings. Singh et al .(1989) recommended 90:60:40 kg N,P,K/ha for maximum return . Irrigation Pointed gourd requires irrigation at 20 days interval during winter & 10 days interval during summer for better crop.

36. Training system

37. Vines trained on trellis system facilitate effective pollination & luxuriant growth leading to earlier Flowering & higher yield than flat bed system (Singh 1989;Yadav et al 1989)

38. Bower system

39. TRIANGULAR STAKING SYSTEM Practical utility of innovation 1-It is low cost as compared to other trailing system. 2-Increased yield up to 38.1 % over farmers’ practice. 3-Easy plucking of fruits. 4-Easyness in intercultural operation. 5-Improved quality of fruits as there is no rotting . 6-Suitable for high rainfall area. 7-Suitable for small and marginal farmers .

40. POLLINATION

41. USE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS NAA @ 100-500 ppm also induces parthenocarpy in cv. White Oval . Application of GA 3 @ 40 ppm increases the no. of female flowers by 20% resulting in increased fruit set by 18.7%.(Basu et al .,1999 ) Application of silver nitrate @ 1000 ppm induces hermaphrodite flower.(Hoque et al., 2002 ) Silver nitrate also induces parthenocarpy .

42. HARVESTING & YIELD Harvesting of fruits is done at mature green marketable stage i.e. at 15-18 days after fruit set . Harvesting at weekly interval gives more yield . In 1 st year : 75-90q/ha but subsequent years yield increases up to 150-200 q/ha . P ointed gourd produces maximum yield for 3-4 years, after which - In tropics yielding potential gradually declines.

43. Immature fruits Mature fruits

44. STORAGE Singh (1989) recommended treatment of Pointed gourd fruits with Waxol (12%) for increasing the shelf-life up to 8 days. In ordinary condition pointed gourd fruits can be easily kept at room temperature for 3-4 days.

45. Other UU Trichosanthes sp

46. Trichosanthes celebica Leaves are eaten , cooked as a vegetable. They are also used as a substitute for soap and when smeared on the skin are reputed to repel mosquitoes.

47. Trichosanthes ovigera Boiled fruits are eaten as a side-dish with rice. In China and Japan the starch of the tubers is sometimes extracted.

48. Trichosanthes villosa Young fruits are eaten boiled as a vegetable

49. Roy and saran (1990) Trichosanthes kirilowii var. japonica – heteromorphic sex Chromosome X and Y at Meiosis Trichosanthes multiloba – X and Y identified at metaphase Reason for unstable gynoecious , gynomonoecious , andromonoecious ? Segregated showed intermediate chiasma frequency and comparable to each other

50. http :// www.feedipedia.org/node/637 http://www.agrisk.umn.edu / References

51. RESEARCH ARTICLES 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx 3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx 4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx 5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx

52. Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes d ioica Leaves Prashant Kumar Rai,1 Dolly Jaiswal,1 Rakesh Kumar Singh,1 Rajesh Kumar Gupta,2 and Geeta Watal1 1Alternative Therapeutics Unit, Drug Development Division, Medicinal Research Lab, Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

53. Introduction India is the “ d iabetes capital of the world ” (Mohan et al., 2007 ). Ayurveda terms its clinical specialty as Rasayana are rejuvenators (Sharma et al., 1992 ) Pointed gourd has medicinal properties (Folk medicine) of lowering blood sugar and lipid profile. Seeds of the plant were also found to possess anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity and are widely used in the treatment of acid dyspeptic disease

54. Objective Evaluation of glycemic management of Pointed gourd Assessment of hypoglycemic activity by GTT (Glucose Tolerance Test) Study of anti-diabetic activity of Pointed gourd

55. Materials and Methods Preparation of crude drug Experimental animals More than a hundred male albino Wistar rats of the same age group and body weight, 150–200 g , were selected for all the experiments. Animals obtained from the National Institute of Communicable Disease ( NICD ), New Delhi, India , were housed in polypropylene cages at an ambient temperature of 25–30◦Cand 45–55 % relative humidity with a 12 h dark and light cycle. Animals were fed pellet diet (Golden Feed, New Delhi) and water ad libitum.

56. Induction of diabetes Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitonial injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (50 mg kg−1 bw ) in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5) to rats fasted overnight. After 3 days of streptozotocin (STZ) administration, rats with marked hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose > 150 mg/dl ) were selected for the study. The rats with hyperglycemia were divided into two groups of 30 rats each: 1)sub-diabetic animals with normal FBG and abnormal PPG levels ; 2)mild-diabetic animals with FBG 150–200 mg dl−1. Materials and Methods

57. Estimation Blood glucose level (BGL) was estimated by the glucose oxidase method ( Brahm & Trinder , 1972) using standard kit of Bayer Diagnostics India Ltd . Evaluation of glycemic management in normal healthy rats Five groups of six rats each were used in the experiment; group I serving as untreated control received (distilled water ) only groups II, III, and IV received aqueous leaf extract suspended in distilled water at doses 250, 500, and 750, mg kg−1, respectively. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein at 2, 4, and 6 h after giving the extract. Materials and Methods

58. Assessment of hypoglycemic activity by GTT in normal healthy rats The aqueous extract was given orally to different groups of normal healthy animals in the same fashion as above and their effect on FBG was studied hourly up to 2 h. The BGL value at 2 h was treated as “0” h value for GTT . The animals were then orally treated with 4 g kg−1 of glucose and their glucose tolerance was studied at 1 h intervals for another 3 h. Thus, the total period of blood collection was up to 5 h. Materials and Methods

59. Study of anti-diabetic activity by GTT in sub- and mild-diabetic rats Blood glucose levels were first checked after 90 min of treatment, considered as “0 ” h value, and then 2 g kg−1 glucose was given orally to all the groups. Blood glucose levels were further checked up to 3 h at regular intervals of 1 h each, considered as 1, 2, and 3 h values. The results were compared with group V rats , which were treated with 2.5 mg kg−1 of Glibenclamide (synthetic hypoglycemic agent). Materials and Methods

60. Results

61. Results

62. Results - Effect on diabetic rats during GTT Control: Distilled water, Treated 1: 250 mg kg−1, Treated 2: 500 mg kg−1, Treated 3: 750 mg kg−1, Glibenclamide : 250 mg kg−1.

63. Results It is generally accepted that the sulphonyl ureas , including glibenclamide , produce hypoglycemia in normal as well as diabetic animals by stimulating the pancreatic β-cells to release more insulin The data suggests that the active ingredients of the aqueous extract or their metabolites need about 2 h to exhibit their hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effect by reaching target tissues through circulation . The dose of 500 mg kg−1 of aqueous extract was found to be more effective than the dose of 2.5 mg kg−1 glibenclamide in case of mild-diabetic rats.

64. CONCLUSION The aqueous extract of Trichosanthes dioica leaves was found to exhibit a hypoglycemic effect in normoglycemic rats and an anti-diabetic effect in the STZ-induced diabetic model . The antidiabetic effect of extract was greater than glibenclamide . Enzymatic studies are in progress in order to elucidate the detailed mechanism of action at cellular and molecular levels. Isolation and characterization of compounds of leaves responsible for lowering of BGL is also processing.

65. Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Pointed Gourd ( Trichosanthes dioica Roxb .) Anil Kumar Jena*, T. Suseela , T.S.K.K. Kiran Patro and R.V. Sujatha College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R.H.U, Venkataramannagudem , West Godavari (Dist.) - 534 101, Andhra Pradesh, India

66. Introduction Pointed gourd is referred as king of gourds because of its higher nutrient content . The information on heritability alone may not help to identify characters for selection whereas heritability estimates in conjunction with predicted genetic advance is more reliable To finding the actual gain expected under selection (GA)

67. OBJECTIVE To find following measures GCV PCV H 2 GA

68. Materials and Methods RBD with 3 replications Twenty two pointed gourd genotypes were collected from Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand Recommended cultural practices were followed 17 parameters

69. Results - Estimates of variability, h 2 and GA as per cent of mean for different characters in pointed gourd genotypes

70. RESULT In the present study, wide variability was recorded for fruit yield (t/ha),fruit weight(g),pulp weight per fruit, pulp seed ratio, number of seeds per fruit, internodal length indicating the existence of more variability for these traits among the genotypes under study as they have high PCV and high GCV.

71. RESULT Moderate to low variability was recorded for main vine length, number of nodes per vine, days to opening of first male flower, days to opening of first female flower, node at which first male flower appeared, node at which first female flower appeared, days to first harvest, fruit length, number of fruits per plant and seed weight per fruit

72. GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN POINTED GOURD ( Trichosanthes dioica Roxb .) M. A. Malek , M. A. Bari Miah1, M. O. Islam, A. M. M. Mosiul Hoque and R. Gomes2 Plant Genetic Resources Centre Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Joydebpur , Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh Bangladesh J. Pl. Breed. Genet., 20(1) : 47-52, 2007

73. INTRODUCTION Improvement in any crop depends on the magnitude of its genetic variability. Knowledge of the available variability within the species for the desired characters enables the breeder in determining the most potential genotype. A study on the variability using genetic parameters like genetic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance is essential for initiating a breeding program.

74. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each block within the replication consisted of 27 genotypes with a distance of 2.0 x 2.0 m. (including two male plants). The observations were recorded on nodes per vine, vines per plant, vine length (m), fruits per plant, female flower length (cm), fruit length (cm), fruit width (cm), fruit volume (cc), fruit weight (g) and fruit yield per plant (kg).

75. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance for ten yield and yield contributing characters in pointed gourd

76. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mean, range and phenotypic and genotypic variances for ten characters of pointed gourd

77. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability in broad-sense and genetic advance for ten characters in pointed gourd

78. CONCLUSION Therefore, it can be concluded that fruits per plant and fruit yield having high heritability associated with high genetic advance and also high GCV confirmed additive gene action suggesting effective selection could be made for these characters in pointed gourd.

79. Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes N. Ara 1) , M. K. Bashar 2) , M. F. Hossain 3) and M. R. Islam 4) Principal Scientific Officer, Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Ishurdi , Pabn , Bangladesh. 2) Director General, Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute, Ishurdi , Pabna 3) Senior Scientific Officer, Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Ishurdi , Pabna 4) Scientific Officer, Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Ishurdi , Pabna

80. INTRODUCTION During that period (May to October), only a few vegetables are available in the market which can’t fulfill our demand. Pointed gourd becomes available in the market up to the end of October. Average yield of pointed gourd in our country is very low (7.8 t/ha) compared to other pointed gourd producing countries Lack of high yielding variety is one of the main reasons for low yield of pointed gourd in Bangladesh.

81. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. 18 Hybrids + 1 C heck Hybrid Fruits were harvested regularly when they attained horticultural maturity, i e, immediately before hardness of seeds. Data on (1) Days to flowering, (2) Number of node at 1 st female flower anthesis , (3) Number of shoot at 1st female flower anthesis , (4) Vine length at 1 st female flower anthesis (cm), (5) Fruit length (cm), (6) Fruit breadth (cm) number of seed per fruit, (7) Pulp weight (g), (8) Weight of seed per fruit (g), (9) Number of fruit per fruit (10). Weight of fruit (kg) and yield (t/ha), were recorded from three randomly selected the flow- ing plant genetic descriptor

82. Different hybrid pointed gourd genotypes

83. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Plant growth characteristics of nineteen genotypes of hybrid pointed gourd

84. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Growth characteristics in relation to flowering of 19 hybrid pointed gourd

85. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Leaf charactersistics of nineteen genotypes of hybrid pointed gourds

86. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Fruit characteristics of nineteen genotypes of pointed gourds

87. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Quantity fruit characteristics of nineteen hybrid genotypes of pointed gourd

88. CONCLUSION The hybrid genotypes of pointed gourd ISDHPG008, ISDHPG012, ISDHPG013, ISDHPG014, ISDHPG016 and ISDHPG018 were showed better performance in respect of yield .

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