Poliomyelitis Breakthrough by Aastha Tamang( Anandaloke Institute of Nursing Education).pptx

Ppt for Poliomyelitis for Community health nursing syllabus of Bsc 5th semester. Created by Aastha Tamang (bsc nursing) from Anandaloke Institute of nursing education.
Template used from slidesgo.

1. Presented by Aastha Tamang POLIO MYELITIS

2. INTRODUCTION Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by polio virus. This is a disease of digestive tract but since it affects brain,spinal cord and other nervous system it can cause paralysis and deformity. This all increases the fear of the disease.

3. Polio is an illness caused by a virus that mainly affects nerves in the spinal cord or brain stem. In its most severe form, polio can lead to a person being unable to move certain limbs, also called poliomyelitis. DEFINITION

4. PROBLEM STATEMENT

5. WORLD In 1988, the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted a resolution for the worldwide eradication of polio, marking the launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative. With the use of polio vaccine from 1954 poliomyelitis has been eliminated from most of the developed countries.

6. ENDEMIC COUNTRIES 02

7. POLIO CASES WPV CASES IN 2024 WPV1 CASES IN 2023 WPV1 cases in 2022 AFGHANISTAN 23 6 2

8. POLIO CASES Pakistan 41 new cases in 2024

9. INDIA In 1980 oral polio virus was incorporated by India into the Universal Immunisation Programme for children. WHO declared India polio free in 2014 after the last case of wild poliovirus was reported in 2011. However, in August 2024 a new case of vaccine derived poliovirus surfaced in Meghalaya West Garo Hill. The case is yet to be confirmed whether it is a case of immunodeficiency related vaccine derived poliovirus.

10. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FACTORS

11. Poliovirus Belongs to ‘ Picorna’ viruses which are small RNA containing viruses. 2 Three serotypes 1,2 and 3 giving no cross immunity. 03 Poliovirus has long survival in environment and lives upto 4 hours in water and 6 hours in faeces in cold environment. 04 Poliovirus is readily destroyed by heat (eg. pasteurization of milk and chlorination of water. 01 AGENT FACTORS

12. HOST FACTOR SEX No sex ratio. POOR SANITATION Individual with poor sanitation are at higher risk due to oral-faecal transmission. IMMUNE STATUS Individual with compromised immune status are most susceptible. VACCINATION STATUS Unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated are at higher risk. AGE All age group can be infected but children from 6 months - 3 years are most susceptible.

13. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTIORS POPULATION DENSITY High population density crowded living condition can enhance virus transmission CLIMATE AND SEASONAL VARIATION Increased rainfall can lead to vector being transported aiding the spread of virus. WATER QUALITY Contaminated water is a significant vector for the poliovirus. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE & IMMUNIZATION Areas with limited healthcare may lack immunization coverage leading to outbreak. SANITATION Poor sanitation facilities the spread of poliovirus through faeco oral route.

14. TYPES OF POLIOMYELITIS Central nervous system is not involved Non paralytic Paralytic Central nervous system is involved

15. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

16. ABORTIVE POLIOMYELITIS( 4-8%) Upper respiratory tract infection (sore throat and fever) Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhoea) Influenza like illness. Patient usually recover in less than three weeks.

17. NON PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS( 1-2%) Non paralytic aseptic meningitis (stiffness of neck, back and/or legs) Usually following several days after the previous mentioned symptoms similar to that of minor illness. Also increased or abnormal sensation can occur. These symptoms may last for upto 2 to 10 days followed by complete recovery.

18. PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS( <1%) <1% result in flaccid paralysis. Clinical symptoms include Weakness Paralysis Reduced muscle tone Paralytic symptoms begin 1- 10 days after minor illness symptoms and progress for 2-3 days.Usually no further paralysis occur after the temperature return to normal but in some cases paralysis/weakness may still persist. They become permanently handicapped.

19. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION ISOLATION OF VIRUS Blood sample- 3-5 days after manifestation of fever. Stool from first week till eight weeks of infection. Throat swab or CSF. ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ESSAY To test the presence of antibodies. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION Examination of CSF and identification of virus. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT Back , neck stiffness Difficulty lifting the head or leg when lying

20. TREATMENT Antibiotics- UTI Moist heat- to reduce muscle cramp,spasm. Analgesics - to reduce headache, muscle pain and spasm. Physical therapy, braces, corrective shoes. Orthopaedic surgery- to help recover muscle strength and function.

21. PROGNOSIS 1 Prognosis depends on the form of disease and body area affected. 3 Brain and spinal cord are involved that lead to paralysis or death. 5 Brain and spinal cord are involved that leads to paralysis or death. 2 Disability is common than death. 4 Infection that is located high in the spinal cord or brain increases the risk of breathing problem.

22. POSSIBLE COMPLICATION 01 Aspiration pneumonia 04 Paralytic ileus. 03 Permanent muscle paralysis, deformity. 04 Urinary tract infections.

23. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 03

24. Dose- 3 drops dose + 2 drops booster Age - At birth 6, 10, 14 weeks 16- 24 months - Booster dose. IMMUNIZATION IPV Sabin virus (0.5ml) OPV

25. 1 Passive immunisation by human normal Ig 0.25- 0.3ml/kg 3 Early diagnosis and treatment of cases. Hand Washing . 5 Surveillance of cases. 2 Isolation of polio cases during period of communicability. 4 Environmental sanitation measures to be adopted and overcrowding prevention

26. PULSE POLIO CAMPAIGN/ IMMUNIZATION

27. With consistent effort India was declared Polio - free country by WHO on March 27,2014. Pulse polio immunization programme was launched in 1995 by Indian government to vaccinate all children under 5 years. The programme includes 3 rounds for 3 days 1st day: Polio drops are administered at booth 2nd day: Homes are visited to administer polio. 3rd day: Children left without polio drops are administered polio drops by visiting their homes.

28. Polio-Free Countries 217

29. THANK YOU. ONE SMALL DROP CAN LEAD TO A HEALTHIER TOMORROW.