poliomyelitis pathology, causes, risk factors

poliomyelitis pathology

1. POLIOMYELITIS (POLIO) 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 1

2. PATHOLOGY AND CAUSES Infectious disease caused by polio virus. Characterized by (rare but devastating) cases of muscle weakness, permanent paralysis. most infections remain asymptomatic. Some experience minor symptoms(example: pyrexia , sore throat ,headache). Some may recover from muscle paralysis. Natural host humans 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 2

3. Pathology and causes cont … Transmitted by fecal-oral route; less commonly via respiratory droplets. Asymptomatic, infected persons may shed virus Pathogenesis Oral entry – polio virus infects cells of mouth, nose , throat – spread to lymphatics – primary replication in tissue of gastrointestinal tract and oropharyanx - primary (minor) viremia-invasion of the central nervous system- replication in motor neurons of spinal cord, brain stem, or motor cortex-destruction of motor neurons-secondary(major) viremia and paralysis. 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 3

4. RISK FACTORS Unvaccinated status Travel to countries endemic for poliovirus 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 4

5. COMPLICATIONS Post-polio syndrome Slowly developing muscle weakness similar to initial infection 2. Bulbar poliomyelitis Infection of brain stem; may lead to drooling, aspiration pneumonia, respiratory muscle paralysis Skeletal malformations due to muscle paresis, paralysis Equinus foot (club foot) Stunted growth 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 5

6. Complications cont … osteoporosis, bone fractures. Urinary tract infections, kidney stones Paralytic ileusv . Myocarditis , cor pulmonale 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 6

7. Signs and symptoms MINOR ILLNESS/MINOR VIREMIA MAJOR ILLNESS/MAJOR VIREMIA PARALYTIC DISEASE ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS Pathology assignment 7

8. Minor illness/ minor viremia Abortive poliomyelitis Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Constipation Diarrhea Sore throat Mild fever 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 8

9. Major illness/major viremia Involvement of central nervous system (CNS) Non paralytic aseptic meningits Headache Neck ,back , abdominal, extremity pain Pyrexia Vomiting irritability 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 9

10. Paralytic disease Varies from one muscle to muscle group Reduce tone; often asymmetric Affect proximal muscles >distal muscles Affects legs > arms Worsens over 2-3 days 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 10

11. Acute flaccid paralysis Complete paralysis; spinal, bulbur , bulbospinal Quardriplegia / respiratory failure Reflexes absent Sensation intact 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 11

12. Treatment PHYSICAL THERAPY Respiratory failure- mechanical ventilation An individual with polio inside an iron lung, which provided mechanical ventilation by creating negative pressure 5/13/2022 Pathology assignment 12

13. 5/13/2022 submitted by; harsan habib kaur rollno : 20341008 13 Pathology assignment