poliomyelitus slides presentation by ahmar

Poliomyelitis, commonly referred to as polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. This viral infection affects the nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and even death. Despite significant progress in vaccination efforts, polio remains a public health concern in various parts of the world.

The poliovirus is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, where contaminated food, water, or hands come into contact with the mouth. The virus can also be transmitted through respiratory droplets. There are three main serotypes of poliovirus: PV1, PV2, and PV3.

The clinical presentation of poliomyelitis can vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe paralysis. The majority of poliovirus infections, up to 90%, are asymptomatic, with individuals showing no signs of illness. Some individuals may experience a minor illness, characterized by fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting.

Non-paralytic poliomyelitis, also known as aseptic meningitis, is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, and vomiting. Recovery usually occurs within 1-2 weeks. Paralytic poliomyelitis is the most severe form of the disease, accounting for approximately 1-5% of all poliovirus infections.

Paralytic poliomyelitis is further classified into three subtypes: spinal poliomyelitis, bulbar poliomyelitis, and bulbospinal poliomyelitis. Spinal poliomyelitis is characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis in the arms, legs, or torso. Bulbar poliomyelitis affects the brainstem, leading to difficulty swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Bulbospinal poliomyelitis is a combination of spinal and bulbar poliomyelitis.

Diagnosis of poliomyelitis is based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and medical history. A thorough medical history and physical examination are essential in diagnosing poliomyelitis. Stool or throat swab samples can be collected to isolate the poliovirus. Blood tests can also detect antibodies against the virus.

In some cases, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be necessary to rule out other conditions. There is no specific treatment for poliomyelitis. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms, reducing complications, and providing supportive care.

Rest, hydration, and pain management are essential in managing poliomyelitis. Gentle exercises and physical therapy can help maintain muscle strength and mobility. In severe cases, respiratory support, including mechanical ventilation, may be necessary.

Prevention through vaccination is the most effective way to control poliomyelitis. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine are the two main types of vaccines used to prevent polio. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine is administered intramuscularly and provides immunity against all three poliovirus serotypes.

Oral poliovirus vaccine is administered orally and contains live, attenuated poliovirus. While oral poliovirus vaccine is effective in inducing mucosal immunit

1. lNTRODUCMON Poliomyelitis often called Polio is an acute. viral. infection disease spread from person t o pe rson primarily via the fecal - oral route. The term "Poliomye1itis• derives from the ancient Greek word Polio's means •grey and myelos meaning referring to the grey matter of the spinal cont.

2. Polio is a viral disese ,highly infectious often under age 5 years

3. The estimated annual incidence of the disease is thin 18.6 per 100 000 of the genemlpopulation. or approximately 1088 cases each year. with an estimated 163 deaths .

4. 2. Minor illness

5. OF PO lioVIRUS

6. E TIOLOGY Polioviruses are entero - viruses within the DIRRECT CONTACT: with someone infected with the virus. INGESTION : Less commonly, it can be transmitted contaminated food and water.

7. PATHOPHYSIOIDGY Replicates in the inłestinaí mucosa

8. Virin enters the nervous system through bbod Sptead along the axons of peripheral nerves to

9. Destroys miterior hour oells of spinal cord or nerves within bulbar region Nerve oell death results in failure of contraction of muscles Muscle dysfunction results in respiratory failure and paralysis of legs further contamination & spread

10. CLINICAL MANIF£STANON Most patients infected with poliovirus develop in apparent infections and usually resolve within a few days. rigidity. more severe headache, back and lower extremity pain. and meningitis with lymphocytic pleocytosn (usually).

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12. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUAMON Viral cultures. Oblain specimens from the cezdm›spuud fluid(CSFj. 2serum antibody. Obtain acute and oonvalesccnt serum for antibody concentrahons against the S poEoviruses. BIG titer. A 4-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G { IgG ) antibody bters or s pasitive anti- iznmunoglobuJlnM( Ight) liter during the acute stage is diagnostic.

13. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OPHARMACOŁDGICAL MANAGEM£NY No anäviraí agents are effective against poliovirtis

14. Types of polio vaccine

15. NONPHARMACOIDGICAL MANAGEMENT oPhysical therapy. Physical therapy is indicated in cases of para{ytic ; ytic disease. it provide frequent mobilization to avoid the development of chronic decubitus ulcerations; active and passive motion exercises are indicated during the convalescent stsgc. develop hip dysplasia and &generative disease. oDiet. Because patients with poliomyelitis are prone to constipation, a diet rich in fiber is usually indicated

16. Nursing Assessment Physical assesœient Observe the client for possible signs and

17. Nwsing Diagnosis lmbalanoed nutrition. less than body re9yirement related to anorex& use and voiniiiqg Ineffective thermoregulation related to the infection process S. Ineffective airway clearance related to muscle paralysis. IneSective breathing pattern related to muscle paralyse. Acute pain related to the infection that attacks the nervn Impaired physical mobility related to paralysis. Anxiety in chi£tren and families related to disease conditions.

18. Nwsing Care and '$) Theclient wilt be able.to clear the airway and breathe s)J n• net'win be a l I roams the pain '5) The client will be able to niobilize effectively.

19. Nwsing Intementions 2. Thermoregulation. Reduce or eliminate the sources of hea‘t loss in , the body temperature.

20. /T'hg client was able to ñnpreve and maintain a nutritious tThe client wasp able to maintain adequate /The client was able to clear the airway and breathe effectively. >The client was able to nxhice the pam tThe client was able to mobilize efiéctively

21. Documentation social exchanges, specifics of individual behaviour . kCultural and re ous beliefs, and expectatiorn Teaching plarL kResponses to interventions, teaching, and actions perform&£ fiAtlaininent or progress toward the desired outcome.

22. CONCLUSION As the dimase poho cannot be cured if once attacko;t it is better to follow preventive measures in it is contagioin. The vaccination is definite in case of infants and children