Political-and-Leadership-Structures.pptx

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

1. POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

2. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

3. A political organization is any entity that is participating in a political process. Elman Service, a political anthropologist, identified four types of sociopolitical organizations: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

4. A band is the least complex form of political organization, as it has neither a rigid form of governance nor a structured form of leadership. A band typically consists of 20-50 individuals who are usually related to one another by virtue of kinship. This society is chiefly based on foraging, which is also known as hunting and gathering. BANDS

5. Decision-making is often made by the entire group, with the eldest member acting as the facilitator. Bands are egalitarian in social composition. Reciprocity is a primary form of exchange among the members. BANDS

6. A tribe is a political organization that consists of segmentary lineages. Tribes are less mobile than bands, as their form of economic subsistence requires a degree of settlement. TRIBES

7. Most tribes are either horticultural or pastoral. The leaders that are chosen in this type of organization are individuals who are believed to possess special skills or aptitudes that relate to the economic activity. The segmented nature of a tribe’s social dynamics allows for an economic system that uses redistribution of commodities among social segments through the process of tribute. TRIBES

8. A chiefdom is more complex than a tribe, as this political organization consists of a few local communities who subscribe to the power and rule of a leader. Similar to the tribe, this political organization is tied with horticulture and pastoralism. CHIEFDOMS

9. The same economic process of redistribution through tribute collection is practiced in chiefdom, just like in a tribe. What distinguishes a chiefdom from a tribe is the existence of social stratification that segregates society into the elite and the commoner. CHIEFDOMS

10. A state refers to a political organization united by a common set of laws. The primary form of economic subsistence in this political organization is market exchange. As states consist of actors with varying interests and assertions, social rules are implemented in the form of laws. STATES

11. A constitution is a set of laws that legally represent the ideals of a state. Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution is the Bill of Rights, which states the rights to be enjoyed by its citizens. A state is a political entity that consists of four elements: territory, sovereignty, government, and people. STATES

12. This refers to the physical area over which a state exercises its authority and which its laws are applied. Taking in point the Philippine context, Article I of the 1987 Philippine Constitution declares the following: The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around between, the connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, from part of the internal waters of the Philippines. TERRITORY

13. This refers to the supreme authority of a state to govern itself without interference from external sources. Internal Sovereignty – refers to the capacity of a political system to implement its rules and policies within its territory. External Sovereignty – refers to the recognition of that system’s existence and authority by other actors and systems. SOVEREIGNTY

14. The set of personnel who manages the affairs of the state in its act of allocating scarce values . Its existence is dictated by the political system that it revolves on. The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is equally divided among its three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. GOVERNMENT

15. Legislative Branch – performs law-making functions. – According to Article VI, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution, legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines. Senate – shall be composed of 24 senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified votes of the Philippines, as may be provided by law. House of Representatives – shall be composed of not more than 250, 20 percent of whom must be Party-list representatives. GOVERNMENT

16. Executive Branch – performs law-application functions. – Article VII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution vests executive power on the President of the Philippines. – The President is the Head of State and Head of Government, and functions as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. – As chief executive, the President exercises control over all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. GOVERNMENT

17. Judicial Branch – performs adjudication functions. – Article VIII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution states that judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower courts headed by the Chief Justice. – Its duty is to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable. GOVERNMENT

18. The entire body of persons who constitute a community, tribe, nation, or other group by virtue of a common culture, history, religion, or the like. In the context of political science, the term people is synonymous to a nation. PEOPLE

19. AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

20. The extent of a leader’s power relies on how much his or her followers accord him or her with it. According to Max Weber, a 20 th century sociologist, every leader has some form of justification as to why he or she should be accorded with such power. He organized these reasons into three categories of legitimacy of authority: legal, traditional, and charismatic.

21. Legal Authority – achieved by a leader through the process of following established codes and procedures governing the allocation and distribution of power and resources within a society. Traditional Authority – a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the right of a leader to rule based on inheritance of the title. Charismatic Authority – creates a type of leadership that is based on the personal attachment of the subordinates to the ruler whose characteristics, experiences, or even skills are believed to be extraordinary, or maybe even supernatural.

22. THANK YOU!