Political ideologies ann their values and characteristics

This ppt contain different types of political ideologies

1. Political ideology

2. Political Ideology Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) coined the term Ideology during the French Revolution and subsequently used in public in 1796. Id ѐ ologie according Tracy is a new’ science of ideas” from a literal term idea-logy (Heywood, 2021). Ideology becomes a political weapon to condemn or criticize opposing arrays of ideas or beliefs system.

3. Beliefs are people’s assessment of reality and what they hold to be true whereas, Values are people’s ideas about right and wrong. Therefore, when beliefs and values are put together in a coherent system, they form an ideology.

4. The Political Ideologies An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas.

5. Characteristics of Ideology Ideologies have their level end in- ism. Ideologies provide an explanation for problems that confronts modern societies by providing futuristic vision. Ideology in action- oriented. Ideologies mobilize a large number of people.

6. Features of ideology (Heywood, 2012) It offers an account of the existing order, usually in the form of the ‘world view’. It advance a model of the desired future, a vision of the good society. It explain how political changes can and should be brought about- how to get from the two other features

7. Intellectual Components of an Ideology Visual The vision of the ideal policy The conception of the Human Nature. The strategy of action. Political Tactics.

8. Functions of ideology Ideology address a basic human psychological needs such as safety, freedom, and community. Ideology provides its believe with the sense of understanding history and with clues about what kinds of things they should pay attention to or ignore. Ideology is essential` Ideology is powerful.

9. Societal role of Ideologies Ideology answer eternal questions and cut off competing beliefs and value: Ideologies explain how the universe works and why it works that way; and Ideologies tell us how to behave; they help us predict the future.

10. Ideologies Liberalism (the Left) The term Liberalism derived from the Latin word “liber” which means “free man” in short, men who were neither serfs nor slaves. A views that sees more need change and improvement in social relation requirering governmental involvement( Schrems , 2011) and that society is free, if it possible, free from government intervention (Moten and Islam, 2011).

11. Set of values and beliefs of Liberalism (Heywood, 2012) Individualism. It is the belief in the supreme importance of the individual over any social group or collective body.

12. Freedom. The ability to think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group or a nation. Belief in the supreme importance of the individual leads naturally to a commitment to individual freedom. Individual liberty is the supreme political value and the unifying principle of liberal ideology.

13. Reason. the power of reason gives human being the capacity to take charge of their own lives and fashion their own destinies. Humankind was emancipated from the grip of the past and the weight of custom and tradition.

14. Justice. It is moral standard of fairness and impartiality. It is well denotes giving what is due to each person. Toleration. It is forbearance. Willingness to accept views or action with which one is in disagreement.

15. A. Classical Liberalism as Heywood (2012) puts it, subscribed to egotistical individualism; have a belief in negative freedom; the state is regarded at best as a ‘necessary evil’ and have a broadly positive view of civil society.

16. B. Neoliberalism posits that states are constantly interacting with each other and that they value cooperation as part of their own interest. It further refers to the revival of economic liberalism. It is equated with a belief in market fundamentalism-the absolute faith in market, reflecting the belief that the market mechanism offers its solutions to all economic and social problems.

17. 2. Conservatism (The Right) The term “conservatism” derived from the term conservation. It is a political philosophy that tends to support the status quo and advocates change only in moderation upholding the value of tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past (Dooley, 2013)

18. 3.Socialism The term socialism derived from the word ‘socialist’ in Latin social meaning to combine or to share. As Schrems (2011) puts it, socialism is an economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction of production and services but which would retain existing institutions as the means of regulating them.

19. Distinctive ways of understanding socialism: Socialism is seen as an economic model. Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement. Socialism as a political creed encompasses community, cooperation, equality, class politics and collective ownership

20. 4. Social Democracy It is a moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor a balance between the market and the state rather than the abolition of capitalism. It is an ideological stance that supports a full balance between market capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other side. Social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and is inherently vague (Heywood, 2011).

21. 5.Communism It is an economic, social, and political system seeking government ownership of the means production and services directed by a process of scientific administration and universal assent ( Schrems , 2011). It is an extreme left-wing ideology, based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx, characterized by collective ownership and a planned economy. Thus, each should work to their capability and will receive according to their needs.  

22. 6. Fascism Fascism is derived from fasces, an Italian word, which means a bundle of rods with an axe-blade protruding that signified the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome (Heywood, 2011). In the 1890’s, an Italian word fascia was used which refers to a political group or band not until Benito Mussolini employed the term fascism to describe the armed paramilitary squads he formed during and after World War I.

23. Salient Features of Fascism: Totalitarianism Nationalism Anti-liberalism Militarism and Violence Leadership

24. 7. Religious Fundamentalism Religious fundamentalism is an unusual political ideology. The word fundamentalism is taken from the Latin word fundamental, meaning base. It is associated with inflexibility, dogmatism, authoritarianism or violence. It is characterized by a rejection of the distinction between politics and religion (Heywood, 2011).

25. The following are the themes of religious fundamentalism: Religion as politics The fundamentalist impulse Anti-modernism Militancy  

26. 8. Feminism Feminism is, derive from a Latin word Femina meaning women or female, cornered with the attainment of gender equality in the political, economic and social spheres of life. Its primary focus is the position of women in the society. The basic idea of feminism is: that women experience a poor state in society as a consequence of the patriarchy, male domination of women, which has historically characterized all social relationships and that this disadvantage can and should be overthrown (Heywood, 2012).

27.   9. Environmentalism Environmentalism is an ideology focusing on the idea that environmental is endangered and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes ( Roskin et.al., 2012). Its concern is about the natural environment and particularly about reducing environment degradation that is more a policy orientation rather than an ideological stance (Heywood, 2012). The regulation was only part of the environmental credo.

28. 10.Anarchism The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is known as anarchism. This ideology argues that everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely. A related ideology known as nihilism emphasizes that everything—both government and society—must be periodically destroyed in order to start anew.