Politics Lesson one and twooooooooo.pptx

Political Ideologies

1. |

Political Ideologies

2. Political Ideology a

bis a certain set of ethical ideals, principles,
doctrines, myths or symbols of a social
movement, institution, class or large group
that explains how society should work and
offers some political and cultural blueprint for
a certain social order.

3. What is Ideology?

» it refers to a system of beliefs about how
society should function, behave, and
operate. He further explains that from a
social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a
more or less coherent set of ideas that
provides a basis for organized political
action, whether this is intended to preserve,
modify or overthrow the existing system of
power relationships

» a system of ideas and ideals, especially
one which forms the basis of economic or
political theory and policy.

4. Functions of Political Ideology A

» Political ideologies are very important in a society such as;
1. It offers an account of the existing order by examining
what works and what does not work, as well as other various
issues and problems that the state and the broader society
are confronted with.

2. It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of the
Good Society.

3. It outlines how political change or the desired social order
can be achieved.

5. Major Political
Ideologies

6. un 1. COMMUNISM

"Also known as “Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism” or
“Marxism”, is both political and economic philosophy.

+ Communism is enclosed in two primary writings:
1. The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx in 1848.
2. Das Kapital, by Friedrich Engels (a follower of Marx)

7. En ft
COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO

FRIEDRICH ENGELS

N. » —

Karl Marx | Friedrich Engels

= KARL MARX
4 AND

8. > COMMUNISM

«According to Marx and Engels, a persons view of
the world depends on its class membership.

«Socialization among people now determines the

limit and extent of a person’s world view and
members of each class should act and think
according to their class membership (social
construction of reality)

9. a
> COMMUNISM

Furthermore, according to Marx, material
production or economic relationships are basic to
all life.

*People must produce goods before they can do
anything, they must produce themselves.
However, they cannot even do that unless they are
capable of feeding themselves.

10. 7 N
MAIN GOALS OF
THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

«To focus on the struggle and motivate the
common people to riot.

«To envision a model government, whose
economics would destroy the upper class-freeing
the lower class from tyranny.

11. ee HD
COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO

KARL MARX

AND
FRIEDRICH ENGELS
—

Pon OU BW NH

According to The Communist Manifesto,
Communism has ten (10) essential planks:

Abolition of Private property

. Heavy Progressive Income Tax

. Abolition of Rights of Inheritance
. Confiscation of Property Rights

. Central Bank

. Government ownership of Communication
and Transportation

Government ownership of Factories and
Agriculture

Government control of Labor
. Corporate Farms and Regional Planning
0.Government Control of Education

12. i
— 2. SOCIALISM

*Socialism refers to a broad set of economic
theories of social organization advocating public or
state ownership and administration of the means
of production and distribution of goods, and a
society characterized by equal opportunities for all
individuals, with a fair or egalitarian method of
compensation.

(httpy//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism)

13. Socialism A

» Socialism is defined as set of political beliefs
emphasizing community and social equality

» a political and economic theory of social
organization which advocates that the means of
production, distribution, and exchange should be
owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

» social and economic doctrine that calls for public
rather than private ownership or control of property
and natural resources

14. ——
— SOCIALISM

* Socialism existed as a result of communism.
* Society, not individuals, should own the property.

*Common ownership would mean that all should be
given the opportunity to participate on how resources
should be used and thus nobody should solely take
control of the resources.

15. Fe
— SOCIALISM

«Further, this means the right to participate in the
social decisions that affect them, that is production
of goods and services and the sole object of the
production would be to meet human needs. This
would mean now that nobody will sell, buy and
have money.

16. ———
— SOCIALISM

*The government then should plan the economy;

There is no free market (an economic system in
which prices are determined by unrestricted
competition between privately owned businesses) so
that all citizens will have roughly the same level of

prosperity.

17. 2:

Key Ideas of Socialism

Community

The core of socialism is the vision of human beings as social creatures linked by the
existence of a common humanity. It highlights the importance of community, and
the degree to which individual identity is fashioned 10 by social interaction and
membership of social groups and collective bodies. Socialists are inclined to
emphasize nurture over nature, and to explain individual behavior mainly in terms of
social factors, rather than innate qualities.

Fraternity

It is sharing a common humanity. Humans are bound together by a sense of
comradeship or fraternity (literally meaning ‘brotherhood, but broadened in this
context to embrace all humans). Socialism prefers cooperation over competition
and favors collectivism over individualism. Cooperation enables people to harness
their collective energies/strengthens the bonds of community.

18. 3. Social equality |

> is the central value of socialism: It emphasizes equalit
outcome as opposed to equality of opportunity. The measure
of social equality is looked upon as guarantee of social
stability and cohesion.

4. Need

> is of primary importance in Socialism: It is the belief that
material benefits should be distributed on the basis of need,
rather than simply on the basis of merit or work: ‘From each
according to his ability, to each according to his need’. The
satisfaction of basic needs (hunger, thirst, shelter, health,
personal security and so on) is a prerequisite for a worthwhile
human existence and participation in social life.

19. s. Social class | |

> Socialism has traditionally been associated with t
interests of an oppressed and exploited working class
- regarded the working class as an agent of social
change. The socialist goal is the eradication of
economic and social inequalities, or their substantial
reduction.

6. Common ownership

> The socialist case for common ownership is that it is a
means of harnessing material resources to the
common good, with private property being seen to
promote selfishness, acquisitiveness and social division

20. resident Hugo Chavez
(President Of Venezuela, 1999-2013) mentioned |
The Elementary Triangle Of Socialism:

1. Social ownership of the means of production

The mean of production is owned by the community.
Social ownership does not mean state ownership. It means
the people are both producers and members of the society
are the ones that determine the result of their labor.

21. EE

2. Social production organized by workers
(lead to cooperation and solidarity)

3. Satisfaction of communal needs and purposes

It emphasizes the necessity of letting go of personal
interest and think for the community and society.

22. >
3. LIBERALISM

* Liberalism a political or social philosophy advocating
the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of
government, nonviolent modification of political, social,
or economic institutions to assure unrestricted
development in all spheres of human endeavor, and
governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil
liberties.

(http://dictionary.roference.com/browsefiboralism) Liberalism emphasizes individual ightsand equabty of opportunity.

(http Jon swikipedia org/wiki/Liberalism)

23. > Liberalism pertains to set of political Al
emphasizing individual rights and liberties.

> willingness to respect or accept behavior or
opinions different from one's own; openness
to new ideas.

+ a political and social philosophy that

promotes individual rights, civil liberties,
democracy, and free enterprise.

24. ae
— ACCORDING TO

JOHN F. KENNEDY (1917-1963)

*"if by a “liberal” they mean someone who looks
ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new
ideas without rigid reactions, someone who cares the
welfare of the people, someone who believes that we
can break through the slate mate and suspicious grip
us in our policies abroad, if that is what they mean
by a “liberal”, then I'M PROUD TO SAY THAT TM A

BERAL.”

25. LIBERALISM

+ Liberalism emphasizes a tendency to favor change.

* People should keep trying to improve human society.

* Change is brought about by the conscious action of men
and women.

«Liberalism believes that people should be willing to use
the government to improve their condition.

26. AAA y
E LIBERALISM

* Some people must be helped to live better lives and fulfill
their individual freedom.

« Liberals prefer individual freedom but are ambivalent about
economic freedom.

* Most problems are derived from impersonal, social and
economic forces acting on humanity.

« The role of the government must be limited (that it cannot
invade rights arid freedoms of individual).

27. Key Ideas of Liberalism A

» 1. Individualism

It is the core principle of liberal ideology.
Individualism is further explained as:

> belief in the supreme importance of the human

» human beings are seen with equal moral worth;
they possess separate and unique identities

> the liberal goal is to construct a society within
which individuals can flourish and develop

28. 2, Freedom A

Individual freedom or liberty is the core value

liberalism. Under freedom are the following features:

> desire to ensure that each person is able to act as
he or she pleases or chooses

> advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they
recognize that one person’s liberty may be a
threat to the liberty of others

29. 3. Reason

» Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure,
and that this can be uncovered through the exercise of
human reason and by critical enquiry. Furthermore, the
key idea of reason favors the following:

» faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments;

» individuals as the best judges of their own interests;

» belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to

resolve their differences through debate and argument,
rather than bloodshed and war.

30. 4. Equality |
This refers to the belief that individuals are ‘born equal’, at least ms
of moral worth. Liberalism has strong commitment to equal rights namely

> legal equality (‘equality before the law’)
> political equality (‘one person, one vote; one vote, one value’).
5. Toleration

It means willingness to allow others to think, speak and act in ways which
they disapprove. This promotes debate and intellectual progress.

6. Consent
It will advocate that authority and social relationships should always be
based on consent or willing agreement. Under this idea, the government

must therefore be based on the ‘consent of the governed’. Authority is
always grounded in legitimacy

31. — |
Human beings commit mistakes,

but committing mistake is better
than suppression of error.

32. — 4. CONSERVATISM

«Edmund Burke- Founder of Modern Conservatism.

-authored Reflections on the French Revolution
(1790) in which he said that "society is a complex web of
relationships among the past, present, and future”

*Conservatism emphasizes that change is not good.
Something that has worked, even if not very well, is
better than something untried and unknown.

33. » Conservatism refers to set of political beliefs based on
preservation of customs and traditions that define the
character of a society.

» is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks
to promote and to preserve traditional social institutions
and practices. The central tenets of conservatism may
vary in relation to the status quo of the culture and
civilization in which it appears.

» political doctrine that emphasizes the value of
traditional institutions and practices.

34. CONSERVATISM

« Tradition is important; no human reason can undo it,

. can rvatives do not reiect human reason completely but they
would rather trust Tadalon because they believe that tradition
contains the accumulated wisdom of past generations.

« The world changes and so does the conservatives. They do not
want to. conserve all the past, they want to conserve what they
believe is the best of the past.

« Conservatives believe that human reason can devise a solution to
human problems.

35. Key Ideas of Conservatism A

1. Tradition

tis the central theme of conservative thought or ‘the desire to conserve”. It
respects established customs and institutions that have endured through
time. Tradition reflects the accumulated wisdom of the past, and institutions
and practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and it should be preserved
or the benefit of the living and for generations yet to come.

2. Pragmatism
tis the belief that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and
practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’.

3. Human Imperfection

n this view, human beings are limited, dependent, and security-seeking
creatures, drawn to the familiar and the tried and tested. Human beings are
needing to live in stable and orderly communities. The maintenance of order
requires a strong state, the enforcement of strict laws, and stiff penalties.

36. 4. Authority ”

» Conservatives hold that, to some degree, authorit
always exercised ‘from above”, providing leadership,
guidance and support for those who lack the
knowledge, experience or education to act wisely in
their own interests. Authority and leadership are seen
as resulting from experience and training.

5. Property

>» Conservatives see property ownership as being vital
because it gives people security and a measure of
independence from government, and it encourages
them to respect the law and the property of others.

37. EE

Freedom is necessary but too
much freedom is bad for the
society.

38. AS FASCISM

«Benito Mussolini- an Italian WW veteran, founded the
fascist party.

* Fascism's basic assumption is that humans are not
rational beings, thus, they can only be led and
manipulated. Nations and races have to compete to
survive,

«An ideal fascist sees himself as part of a nation and
never as a separate entity.

39. | FASCISM

« According to Benito Mussolini, the carrier of the culture and
spirit of the nation are the past, present and future. It
represents the “immanent conscience of the nation”; and that it

educates the citizen in all the virtues.

"Further, he added that the individual is the nation and the
success of the nation lies on his continuous obedience to the

state.

«The nation is embodied in the state, an therefore the state
must be glorified.

40. Pen
= 6. FEMINISM

«This political ideology focuses on the position of
women in society and the roles they play.

“However they also believe that improving the
status of women will also benefit all human beings
whatever their gender is.

41. E A QA
Bu FEMINISM

Tan to the feminist, political needs have to be

redefined. In the family, for example, the men work
outside the home for wage. If the man's wage is
enough, the woman does not work, but if the man’s
wage is not enough to pay for the helpers, the
woman has to work in the house without Ray If the
woman works outside the home, she still has to do
the housework.

42. *Furthermore, feminism argues that women should
be given equal opportunity of socialization as the

men; this means that if men can drive a car, women
should drive a car as well.

43. Power

Nature, Dimensions, Types
and Consequences

44. What is Power? A

> is the ability to achieve a desired outcome and is sometimes
seen as the ‘power to’ do something. He further explained
that in the context of politics and governance, power is
usually thought of as a relationship

» the ability to influence the behaviour of others or having
'power over' people and the ability to punish or reward.

» the ability to do something or act in a particular way,
especially as a faculty or quality.

» possession of control, authority, or influence over others

» the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of
others or the course of events.

45. Dimensions or Faces of Power A

1. Power as Decision-Making

» This face of power consists of conscious actions that in some way
influence the content of decisions. Identifying who has power is
done by analyzing decisions in the light of the known preferences
of the actors involved.

» The powerful are able to get what they want and make others
behave the way they wanted them to. According to Boulding
(1989) as cited by Heywood (2007), decisions can be influenced in
a variety of ways distinguished between the use of force or
intimidation (the stick), productive exchanges involving mutual
gain (the deal), and the creation of obligations, loyalty and
commitment (the kiss).

46. 2.Power as Agenda Setting A

+ According to Heywood (2007)s the ability to prevent
decisions being made: that is, in effect, ‘non-decision-
making’. This according to him involves the ability to set or
control the political agenda, thereby preventing issues or
proposals from being aired in the first place.

3. Power as Thought Control

> The third face of power, still according to Heywood (2007) is
the ability to influence another by shaping what he or she
thinks, wants, or needs. This is power expressed as ideological
indoctrination or psychological control. In political life, the
exercise of this form of power is seen in the use of
propaganda and, more generally, in the impact of ideology.

47. Types of Power A

1. Reward Power

> It is the result from one person's ability to compensate another
for compliance.

> The target person complies in order to obtain rewards he or she
believes are controlled by the agent.

> People in power are often able to give out rewards . Raises,
promotions, desirable assignments, training opportunities, and
simple compliments - these are all examples of rewards
controlled by people "in power." If others expect that you'll
reward them for doing what you want, there's a high
probability that they'll do it.

48. 2. Coercive power ||

> The target person complies in order to avoid punishments he
or she believes are controlled by the agent.

» This source of power is also problematic, and can be abused.
What's more, it can cause dissatisfaction or resentment
among the people it's applied to.

> Threats and punishment are common coercive tools. You use
coercive power when you imply or threaten that someone
will be fired, demoted or denied privileges. While your
position may allow you fo do this, though, it doesn't mean
that you have the will or the justification to do so. You may
sometimes need to punish people as a last resort but if you
use coercive power too much, people will leave

49. s. Referent Power

> Referent power comes from one person liking and
respecting another, and identifying with them in
some way. Celebrities have referent power, which
is why they can influence everything from what
people buy to which politician they elect. In a
workplace, a person with referent power often
makes everyone feel good, so he tends to have a
lot of influence.

» The target person complies because he or she
admires or identifies with the agent and wants to
gain the agent's approval

50. Consequences of Power A

1. Compliance means readiness or act of agreeing to do something.
+ Compliance with the order may occur if it is perceived to be
within the leader's scope of authority.

+ Compliance is most likely to happen if the reward is something
valued by the target person.

2. Resistance means to refuse or to oppose.

> Itis the most likely outcome when coercive power is used in a
hostile or manipulative way. (Yukl 1989) According to Heywood
(2007), it is best to use coercion power in preventing behaviour
that is harmful to the society and well-being of the people such as
illegal and violent activities

51. the trust and emotional pledge that it causes. It is perceiv 5
loyalty or a sense of dedication or devotion.

> Commitment is most likely to be the consequence when the
powers used are referent and expert.

» The common way to exercise referent power is merely to ask
someone with whom one has a friendship to do something.

- Expert power may result to commitment if the leader presents
logical arguments and supporting evidence for a particular
proposal, order or policy. It will depend on the leader's
credibility and persuasive communication skills in addition to
technical knowledge and logical or analytical ability.

> Commitment is a very unlikely consequence if coercive power
is employed.

3. Commitment is an even more desirable outcome became

52. — ll

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53. QUIZ