Pollution and human health

Various sources, causes and effect of pollution on human health is explained in the slides. Major pollution like air, water and noise pollution is explained in detail.

1. GYANESHWAR JHA 01-12-2014 1 BCM 501 Pollution and Human Health

2. The human population depends on the Earth at several different levels Hydrosphere Example : water Atmosphere Example : air Lithosphere Example : soil Biosphere Example : living world INTRODUCTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 2

3. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change . POLLUTANT Pollutants are substances which causes pollution. Any solid, liquid or gases substance present in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to environment . POLLUTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 3

4. Two concepts deals with the environment's capability to "support " an agent. Contamination supported by the environment without stopping the general chemical cycles and life cycles. Pollution producing damage in the environment damage the entire ecosystem. Difference between pollution and contamination 01-12-2014 BCM 501 4

5. Pollution can be classified according to the medium which is contaminated or where the contamination occurs Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution TYPES OF POLLUTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 5

6. BASED ON SOURCE OF POLLUTION Automobile pollution Agricultural pollution Industrial pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 6

7. BASED ON KIND OF POLLUTANT Noise pollution Pesticide pollution Plastic pollution Heavy metal pollution Radiation pollution Oil pollution Sewage pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 7

8. Non degradable pollutants:-There are the poisonous substances like aluminum cans, DDT, mercuric salts, glasses etc. that either do not degrade or degrade very slowly in nature. Degradable pollutants:- These are domestic waste that can be rapidly decomposed under natural conditions. Basic two types of Pollutants 01-12-2014 BCM 501 8

9. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into the Earth's atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment Air pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 9

10. Natural Example: forest fires, Volcanic eruptions Human Activities Example: combustion of fossil fuels as energy Major sources of air pollution remain industrial processes and motor vehicles. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 10

11. Emissions from industries and manufacturing activities Burning Fossil Fuels Household and Farming Chemicals Mining operations Exhaust from automobiles Radioactive Fallout Causes of air pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 11

12. Carbon compounds Sulphur compounds Nitrogen oxides Ozone Fluorocarbons Hydrocarbons Heavy metals Photochemical products AIR POLLUTANTS 01-12-2014 BCM 501 12

13. Asthma Allergy EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH 01-12-2014 BCM 501 13

14. Inorganic Dust      Coal Dust - Anthracosis        Silica - Silicosis       Asbestos - Asbestosis   Iron - Siderosis Organic Dusts       Cane Fiber - Bagassosis (Bronchi gets affected) Cotton dust - Byssinosis (In Textile industries)        Tobacco - Tobaccosis, Lung Cancer            DUSTS (Pneumoconiosis) 01-12-2014 BCM 501 14

15. Coal Dust - Anthracosis 01-12-2014 BCM 501 15

16. Silica - Silicosis 01-12-2014 BCM 501 16

17. Asbestos - Asbestosis Iron- Siderosis The iris has the " rusty " appearance that results from siderosis . 01-12-2014 BCM 501 17

18. PNEUMOCONIOSIS A disease of the lungs characterized by fibrosis and caused by the chronic inhalation of mineral dusts, especially silica and asbestos. When Insoluble Inorganic Material (like silica and asbestos) enters the lungs, they stay in the lungs and cause inflammation and disease 01-12-2014 BCM 501 18

19. Oxides of Nitrogen - Brochiolitis They cause eye irritation and respiratory trouble. They have mutagenic properties 01-12-2014 BCM 501 19

20. Ozone - Broncho constriction 01-12-2014 BCM 501 20

21. Hydrocarbons – Lung Cancer 01-12-2014 BCM 501 21

22. Sulphur dioxide – COPD, Asthma COPD - diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed 01-12-2014 BCM 501 22

23. Grain Dust -Farmer’s Lungs 01-12-2014 BCM 501 23

24. Carbon Monoxide It is formed by incomplete combustion of carbon fuels in various industries , motor vehicles, hearths , etc . It causes impairment of judgment and vision, headache and dizziness. Sulphur Dioxide It is produced in large quantity during smelting of metallic ores. It causes trachial irritation, cough, bronchial spasms. 01-12-2014 BCM 501 24

25. Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI), also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is an index for reporting daily air quality. Many countries monitor ground-level ozone , particulates , sulfur dioxide , carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a color code. 01-12-2014 BCM 501 25

26. Clean Air Act has developed National Ambient Air Quality Standards to protect public health and environmental resources. The air quality standards are classified into two types: Primary standards : Protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards: Protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings. Air Quality Standards 01-12-2014 BCM 501 26

27. Good: The AQI value for a community is between 0 and 50 then the air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. Moderate: The AQI is between 51 and 100 then the Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people. Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups: When AQI values are between 101 and 150, members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. This means they are likely to be affected at lower levels than the general public. Unhealthy: Everyone may begin to experience health effects when AQI values are between 151 and 200. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. Very Unhealthy: AQI values between 201 and 300 trigger a health alert, meaning everyone may experience more serious health effects. Hazardous: AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. 01-12-2014 BCM 501 27

28. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CPCB) Pollutant Time weighted Average Concentration in Ambient air ( g m -3 ) Industrial Rural and Residential Sensitive Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Annual Average * 80 60 15 24 hr ** 120 80 30 Oxide of nitrogen (NO 2 ) Annual average * 80 60 15 24 hr ** 120 80 30 Suspended Particulate matter (SPM) Annual average * 360 140 70 24 hr ** 500 200 100 Respirable suspended particulate matter (<10 micron) (RSPM) Annual average * 120 60 50 24 hr ** 150 100 75 Lead Annual average * 1.0 0.75 0.50 24 hr ** 1.5 1.00 0.75 Carbon monoxide (mg m -3 ) 8hr 5.0 2.0 1.0 1 hr 10.0 4.0 2.0 * Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year taken for a week, 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hour/ 8 hourly values should meet 98% of the time in a year 01-12-2014 BCM 501 28

29. Use public mode of transportation Conserve energy Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Emphasis on clean energy resources Emphasis on clean energy resources Prevention 01-12-2014 BCM 501 29

30. Any chemical, biological and physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms. Water pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 30

31. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION Pollution of Streams and Lakes Ocean Pollution Groundwater Pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 31

32. Point-source pollution: single source (oil spill, oil wells, oil tankers etc ) Non-point-source pollution: many sources . Sources of Water Pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 32

33. Sources of water pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 33

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35. Rivers Rivers have been easy targets for dumping of sewage and industrial wastes. Many rivers that are in industrial areas are so polluted and low in oxygen that very few species can live in them anymore. River ganga is the most polluted rives in India. 01-12-2014 BCM 501 35

36. flowing water can recover rapidly by dilution and decay Pollution of Streams and Lakes © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich 01-12-2014 BCM 501 36

37. Coastal areas most impacted – especially wetlands and estuaries, coral reefs, and mangrove swamps Half of world's population lives within 100 km (60 miles) of oceans and 14 of 15 largest cities coastal About 35% of U.S. municipal sewage discharged virtually untreated in ocean waters Dumping of industrial waste directly into ocean off U.S. coasts stopped, but many countries still dump large quantities of toxic substances Ocean is the ultimate repository of waste Ocean Pollution © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich 01-12-2014 BCM 501 37

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39. Greater threat to humans than much of more visible surface water pollution Much groundwater renewed slowly, such that pollution lingers for long time Crude estimates indicate that up to 25% of usable groundwater in the U.S. contaminated Extremely difficult to clean up contaminated groundwater; prevention more effective Main approach: pump groundwater to surface, purifying water, and returning to aquifer; costs high Groundwater Pollution © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich 01-12-2014 BCM 501 39

40. bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt 01-12-2014 BCM 501 40

41. Groundwater Pollution Salt Water Intrusion Extensive pumping in coastal areas can cause salt water to rise into wells, forming a cone of ascension 01-12-2014 BCM 501 41

42. Chemicals in drinking water 1. Fluoride Dental fluorosis 2. Methyl Mercury Minamata Health effects 01-12-2014 BCM 501 42

43. Lead poisoning colica pictonium ( plumbism ) Cadmium poisoning Weak and brittle bones 01-12-2014 BCM 501 43

44. Bacterial infections Typhoid Cholera Paratyphoid fever Bacillary dysentery Viral infections Infectious Hepatitis ( jaundice) Poliomyeliti Protozoal infections Amoebic dysentery Water-borne diseases 01-12-2014 BCM 501 44

45. Amoebiasis , is one of those common diseases, caused by a parasite which infects the bowel casing a type of gastroenteritis infection. This disease generally occurs in young to middle aged adults who ingest contaminated food or water containing the Entamoeba histolytica microorganism Amoebiasis 01-12-2014 BCM 501 45

46. Giardiasis Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia lamblia The most common manifestations of giardiasis are diarrhoea and abdominal pain, particularly cramping . 01-12-2014 BCM 501 46

47. Fish Die 01-12-2014 BCM 501 47

48. “ The word noise comes from the Latin word noxia meaning "injury" or "hurt" .” Noise is an unwanted, unpleasant and annoying sound caused by vibration of the matter. Vibrations impinge on the ear drum of a human or animal and setup a nervous disturbance, which we call sound. When the effects of sound are undesirable that it may be termed as “Noise” . Noise pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 48

49. Traffic noise Air Craft Noise from railways Construction Noise Noise in Industry Noise in building Loud Speakers Firecrackers SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 49

50. There are 2 kinds of noise pollution. A. Community Noise (non industrial noise pollution). 1. Air craft noise 2. Roadway noise pollution 3. Under water noise pollution B . Occupational Noise( industrial noise pollution) CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE POLLUTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 50

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52. It is an instrument that measures sound pressure level, commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of different kinds of noise, especially for industrial, environmental and aircraft noise. Noise is measured in terms of desibles Sound level meter 01-12-2014 BCM 501 52

53. Area code Category of area Limits in dB Day time Limits in dB Night time A Industrial area 75 70 B Commercial area 65 55 C Residential area 55 45 D Silence area 50 40 01-12-2014 BCM 501 53 STANDARDS WITH RESPECT NOICE IN AMBIENT AIR

54. Hearing loss Age-related ( presbycusis ) Cardiovascular effects Stress Annoyance Cognitive development Effects on Humans 01-12-2014 BCM 501 54

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56. At Source Maintenance of automobiles Control over vibrations Prohibition on usage of loud speakers Selection of machinery Transmission Protect exposed person Create Vegetation cover Education Control 01-12-2014 BCM 501 56

57. Soil pollution refers to undesirable change in physico -chemical, or biological condition of soil quality that becomes unsuitable for plant growth and microorganisms in soil. SOIL POLLUTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 57

58. During earth quakes ,land slides Volcanoes Hurricanes and floods Natural causes land pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 58

59. Application of Pesticides Indiscriminate use of fertilizers Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides Dumping of large quantities of solid waste Deforestation and soil erosion Urbanization Artificial causes of soil pollution 01-12-2014 BCM 501 59

60. Heavy metals Oxides of nitrogen and S ulphur Industrial waste Sewage Agricultural wastes Volcanoes Plastics glasses SOIL POLLUTENTS 01-12-2014 BCM 501 60

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63. 4 R's : Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Refuse Reducing chemical fertilizer Reducing pesticide use Reusing of materials Recycling and recovery of materials Reforesting Solid waste treatment CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION 01-12-2014 BCM 501 63

64. Wikipedia Ecology and Environment by P.D. Sharma Introduction to Environmental science by Y. Anjaneyulu A Text book on Environmental science by P.C. Joshi http://www.mass.gov/dep/air/aq/env_effects.htm - See more at: http:// www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-air-pollution.php#sthash.b9jay4DO.dpuf 01-12-2014 BCM 501 64 REFERENCE

65. THANK YOU ALL 01-12-2014 BCM 501 65