Polyanhydrides - database

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1. Polyanhydrides
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3. Classes of
Polyanhydrides
There are three main classes of polyanhydrides:
aliphatic, unsaturated, and aromatic.
Aliphatic polyanhydrides consist of R groups containing carbon
atoms bonded in straight or branched chains. This class of polymers
is characterized by a crystalline structure, melting temperature range
of 50–90 °C, and solubility in chlorinated hydrocarbons. They degrade
and are eliminated from the body within weeks of being introduced to
the bodily environment.
Unsaturated polyanhydrides are comprised of organic R groups with one or more double bonds
(or degrees of unsaturation). This class of polymers has a highly crystalline structure and is
insoluble in common organic solvents.
Aromatic polyanhydrides consist of R groups containing a benzene (aromatic) ring.
Properties of this class include a crystalline structure, insolubility in common organic
solvents, and melting points greater than 100 °C. They are very hydrophobic and therefore
degrade slowly when in the bodily environment. This slow degradation rate makes aromatic
polyanhydrides less suitable for drug delivery when used as homopolymers, but they can be
copolymerized with the aliphatic class to achieve the desired degradation rate.

4. Synthesis and
characterization
Polyanhydrides are synthesized using either
melt condensation or solution polymerization.
Depending on the synthesis method used, various
characteristics of polyanhydrides can be altered to
achieve the desired product.
Characterization of polyanhydrides determines
the structure, composition, molecular weight, and
thermal properties of the molecule.
These properties are determined by using various
light-scattering and size-exclusion methods.

5. Methods used to synthesize
polyanhydrides
•There are many methods used to synthesize polyanhydrides.
Some of the other methods include:
•High-throughput synthesis (synthesis of polymers in parallel),
•Ring opening polymerization (removal of cyclic monomers),
•Interfacial condensation (high temperature reaction of two
monomers),
•Dehydrative coupling agents (removing the water group from
two carboxyl groups), and
•Solution polymerization (reacting in a solution).
•Microwave heating

6. Polymerization
Polyanhydrides can be easily prepared by using available, low
cost resources. The process can be varied to achieve desirable
characteristics. Traditionally, polyanhydrides have been
prepared by melt condensation polymerization, which results
in high molecular weight polymers. Melt condensation
polymerization involves reacting dicarboxylic acid monomers
with excess acetic anhydride at a high temperature and under a
vacuum to form the polymers. Catalysts may be used to achieve
higher molecular weights and shorter reaction times. Generally,
a one-step synthesis (method involving only one reaction) is
used which does not require purification.

7. Manufacturing process

8. Applications
The characteristic anhydride bonds in polyanhydrides are
water-labile (the polymer chain breaks apart at the
anhydride bond). This results in two carboxylic acid
groups which are easily metabolized and biocompatible.
Biodegradable polymers, such as polyanhydrides, are
capable of releasing physically entrapped or
encapsulated drugs by well-defined kinetics and are a
growing area of medical research. Polyanhydrides have
been investigated as an important material for the short-
term release of drugs or bioactive agents. The rapid
degradation and limited mechanical properties of
polyanhydrides render them ideal as controlled drug
delivery devices.

9. Market Scenario
Segment by Type, the Polyanhydride market is
segmented into
Poly(Sebacic Anhydride) (PSAn)
Poly(Azelaic Anhydride) (PAAn)
Segment by Application
Biomedical Electronics
Vaccine Delivery
Nano/Micro Particulate
Delivery Systems
The major players in global
Polyanhydride market include:
BOC Sciences
GRR Fine Chem
Merck KGaA
Parchem

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