Polymers

Presentation given by Divya Chauhan

1. PRESENTATION ON POLYMERS Presented by- M.PHARM(PHARMACEUTICS) DIVYA CHAUHAN

2. CONTENTS:- * Introduction * Definition * Classification of polymers * Biodegradable polymers and Non- biodegradable polymers * Factor affecting biodegradation of polymers * Pharmaceutical application of polymers

3. Introduction:- * The Bakelite was the first synthetic polymer produced in 1909. * Polymers forms a very important class of materials without which the life seems very difficult. * They are all around us in everyday use like in, Rubber Plastic Resins Adhesives and adhesives tapes.

4. Definition:- * The word polymer is derived from Greek words, “poly”= many and “mers”= parts or units of high molecular mass . * “ Polymer” is a set of macromolecules formed by monomers OR Substance composed of macromolecules.

5. Cond… * Macromolecules:- Polymer are giant molecules of high molecular weight, called ‘macromolecule'. * Monomers:- A long molecule made up from lot’s of small molecules called ‘monomers’.

6. Classification of polymers:- BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION POLYMER TYPE Origin Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic Thermal Response Thermoplastic, Thermosetting Mode of formation Addition, Condensation Line structure Linear, Branched, Cross-linked Application and Physical Properties Rubber, Plastic, Fibers Tacticity Isotactic, Syndiotactic, Atactic Crystallinity Non-Crystalline, Semi-Crystalline, Crystalline Polarity Polar, Non-Polar Chain Hetro-Chain, Homo-Chain

7. Cond… On the basis of origin:- Natural The polymers, which occur in nature are called natural polymer also known as biopolymers. E.g.-rubber, natural silk, cellulose, starch, proteins, Semi-Synthetic They are the chemically modified natural polymers. E.g.-cellulosic, cellulose nitrate, methyl cellulose, Synthetic The polymer which has been synthesized in the laboratory is known as synthetic polymer. E.g.-polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene,

8. On the basis of thermal response:- Thermoplastic polymers They can be softened or plasticized repeatedly on application of thermal energy, without much change in properties. E.g.- PVC, Polyolefins, Nylons, Sealing wax, Thermosetting polymers Some polymers undergo certain chemical changes on heating and convert themselves into infusible mass are known as thermosetting polymers. E.g.- Phenolic, Diene rubber, Epoxy resins, Urea,

9. On the basis of mode of formation:- Addition They are formed from simple addition of monomer molecules to each by a chain mechanism. This process is called addition polymerization. E.g.- polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, Condensation They are formed by intermolecular reaction between bifunctional and polyfunctional monomers units having reactive functional groups as- COOH,OH,NH2 E.g.-Cellulose

10. On the basis of line structure:- Linear polymer If the monomers units are joined in a linear fashion. E.g.- Linear homopolymer, Linear copolymer, Branched polymer When monomer unit are joined in branched manner. E.g.- Branched homopolymer, Branched copolymer, Cross linked polymer If the monomer units are joined together in a chain fashion. E.g.-Cross linked homopolymer, Cross linked copolymer,

11. Application & physical properties:- Rubber(Elastomers) Rubber is high molecular weight polymer with long flexible chain and weak intermolecular forces. Tensile strength range- 300-3000psi E.g.- Natural and Synthetic rubber Plastics Plastics are relatively tough substances with high molecular weight that can be molded with the application of heat. Tensile strength range- 4000-15000psi E.g- Polyethylene, Polystyrene, Fibers Fibers are long- chain polymers characterized by highly crystalline region. Lower elasticity than plastics. T. S-20,000-150,000. E.g.-Sisal Ramie

12. Tacticity basis:- * It may be defined as the geometric arrangement (orientation) of the characteristic group of monomer unit with respect to the main chain (backbone) of the polymers. * On the basis of structure, it can be classified in to three groups- * ISOTACTIC * SYNDIOTACTIC * ATACTIC

13. Cond… Isotactic Polymer:- It is the type of polymer in which the characteristic group are arranged on the same side of the main chain. E.g.- Syndiotactic Polymer:- If the side group are arranged in an alternate fashion. E.g.-

14. Cond… Atactic Polymer:- If the alternate group are arranged in irregular fashion. It has proper strength and more elasticity. E.g.-

15. Cond… CRYSTALLINE NON- CRYSTALLINE SEMI-CRYSTALLINE E.g.- Polystyrene E.g.-Polyamide POLARITY POLAR NON-POLAR E.g.-PMMA E.g.-PTFE CHAIN HETRO-CHAIN HOMO-CHAIN E.g.-Nylon, Teylene E.g.- PVC BASIS TYPE EXAMPLE

16. On the basis of degradability:- * Biodegradable polymers:- Can be defined as polymers that are degradable in vivo, either enzymatically or nonenzymatically, to produce biocompatible or nontoxic by-products. E.g.- Gelatin Collagen Dextrin Starch Cellulose derivatives Polyamides

17. Non- Biodegradable Polymers These polymers do not degrade in water or biological environment. E.g.- Polyethylene (-CH2-CH2-)n Polypropylene (-CH-CH2-) CH3

18. Factor affecting biodegradation of polymer:- Chemical structure Chemical composition Molecular weight Processing condition Configuration structure Shape Site of implication Sterilization process Presents of ionic groups Morphology

19. Pharmaceutical Application Of Polymers:- * Coatings on devices (e.g.-to improve blood compatibility). * Devices (e.g., implantable drug delivery systems). * Implants (e.g., bone pins and screws, articulating surface in artificial joints). * Catheters and dialysis tubing. * Vascular graft. * Membranes for oxygenation and detoxification. * Injectable drug delivery and imaging systems. * Membrane and porous scaffolds for tissue regenerative applications.

20. THANK YOU…..