Polymers in everyday life.

Polymers in everyday life.

1. Polymers In Everyday Life

2. Now-a-days polymers are being used in many fields viz. fabrics, plastic bottles, switch boards & many more to come. Polymers find their extensive use because of the ease in working with them. They can also be reused & some of them can even be recycled which has also cut down the damage which was earlier being caused by the non-biodegradable substances. In our project we are going to introduce you with some of the polymers being used daily, their structures & synthesis. Introduction

3. Exist in countless forms. Chemical structure. Physical properties. Mechanical behaviour. Thermal characteristics. CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

4. Which are isolated from natural material are called natural polymers. COTTON SILK WOOL RUBBER Which are synthesized from low molecular weight compound are called synthesized polymers. POLYETHYLENE,PVC,NYLON &TERYLENE NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

5. Whose backbone chain is made of carbon atoms is termed as organic polymer. POLYPROPYLENE PVA PMMA Which contain no carbon atom in their backbone chain are called inorganic polymers. GLASS SILICON RUBBER ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLYMER

6. Which can be soften on heating and can be converted into any shape that they can retain on cooling. POLYETHYLENE PVC NYLON SEALING WAX Some polymers undergo some chemical changes on heating and convert themselves into an infusible mass are called thermosetting polymers. PHENOL FORMALDEHIDE POLYESTERS THERMOPLASTIC AND THERMOSETTING POLYMERS

7. When a polymer is shaped into a hard and tough utility article ,it is used as plastics. POLYSTYRENE PVC PMMA When polymer vulcanized into a rubbery products exhibiting good strength and elongation ,it is used as elastomers. NATURAL RUBBER SYNTHETIC RUBBER SILICONE RUBBER PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS

8. If it is drawn into long filament like materials ,it is used as fibers. NYLON TERYLENE Polymer used as adhesive ,potting compounds ,sealants ,etc., in a liquid form are described as liquid resins. POLYSULPHIDE MELAMINE FORMALDEHIDE FIBERS AND LIQUID RESINS

9. Polyethylene

10. It is the simplest hydrocarbon polymer and has the structure-: It was first introduced by Imperical Chemical Industries(ICI) in 1993. It is a thermoplastic polymer. There are two varieties of polyethylene viz., high density polyethylene and low density polyethylene. Cont.

11. Has low degree of branching & thus low intermolecular forces. Density- greater or equal to 0.941g/cm3. Crystalinity is 90%. Melting point is in the range from 144-150 degree Celsius. Higher tensile strength and hardness than LDPE. High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)

12. Has a high degree of short and long chain branching. Density range-: 0.910-0.940. Crystalinity is 40%. Melting point range-: 110-125 degree Celsius. Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE)

13. LDPE films are mainly used for packaging and wrapping frozen food. LDPE’s inertness to chemicals and resistance to breakage is made use of it in ‘squeeze bottles’ and in many attractive containers. Also used as insulation in electric cables. HDPE finds better use in the manufacture of toys and other household articles. Whenever high tensile strength and stiffness are required, HDPE finds better use. Uses of Polyethylene

14. Propylene was first polymerized to a crystalline isotactic polymer by Guilio Natta as well as by the German chemist Karl Rehn in March 1954. Polypropylene is a Highest industrial plastic. Polypropylene

15. THE POLYPROPYLENE is formed by Polymerization of propylene using zigelar-natta catalyst . Propylene is obtained from gasoline refineries as a byproduct. Polymerization

16. It can be made in three form, isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic . Isotactic polypropylene ,it is a highly crystalline polymer with melting point 165°C. It has a very high tensile strenght , hardness, stiffness. It is insoluble in many solvent. It’s melting point is 130–171 °C . It’s density for amorphous & crystalline is0.855 g/cm 3 & 0.946 g/cm 3 respectively. Properties

17. Polypropylene (PP) , is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications including packaging and labeling , textiles (e.g., ropes, thermal underwear and carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes. Application

18. Flammable Poor weatherability Poor solvent resistance Brittleness of homopolymers Poor thermal stability Advantage Disadvantage Optical clarity Light mass High gloss Excellent electrical properties Good grades available Low cost Process able by all thermoplastics methods Polystyrene

19. Polystyrene results when styrene monomer interconnect Carbon- Carbon pi bond is opened up and new sigma bond is formed Formation

20. Various Applications of Polystyrene Manufacturing Disposable cutlery Household appliances like blenders, air conditioners ,ovens Other consumer goods like kitchen and bathroom accessories Housing for televisions and CD & DVD cases Owning to its less price as compared to other costly polymers thus also used for making toys

21. Packaging Supermarket are stocked up with eatables stored in polystyrene packaging materials . Meat , fish , eggs, dairy products, salad etc. can be prevented from spoiling. Electronic goods and appliance are packed in boxes along with support materials made up of polystyrene that provides insulation and protect from external factors

22. Used for construction purposes to insulate ceiling ,walls , floor etc. This polymer also find its utility in sound proofing walls of buildings Lightning and plumbing fixtures , panel and sidings used for construction purposes Building and construction

23. Medical applications Versatility of this resin has made it suitable for use in the medical field as well Extensively used in the making of medical equipment due to clarity and fitness Test tubes , Petri dishes , trays for conducting tissues culture test etc. Many diagnostic equipment are also made up of polystyrene . Medical cups , medical keyboards , plastic boxes are some examples of the same

24. Art and craft XPS can be used for art and craft works Candle holders and ornament for a Christmas tree can be accomplished by Styrofoam Making models of architectural design

25. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, ofTen used as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. PMMA

26. The first acrylic acid was created in 1843. Methacrylic acid, derived from acrylic acid, was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and methanol results in the ester methyl methacrylate. The German chemists Wilhelm Rudolph Fitting and Paul discovered in 1877 the polymerization process that turns methyl methacrylate into polymethyl methacrylate Background Information

27. PMMA is routinely produced by emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, and bulk polymerization. Generally, radical initiation is used (including living polymerization methods), but anionic polymerization of PMMA can also be performed. To produce 1 kg (2.2 lb) of PMMA, about 2 kg (4.4 lb) of petroleum is needed. PMMA produced by radical polymerization(all commercial PMMA) is atactic and completely amorphous. SYNTHESIS

28. PMMA is a strong and lightweight material. It has a density of 1.17–1.20 g/cm3,, which is less than half that of glass.] It also has good impact strength, higher than both glass and polystyrene; however , PMMA's impact strength is still significantly lower than polycarbonate and some engineered polymers. PMMA ignites at 460 °C (860 °F) and burns, forming carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide and low-molecular-weight compounds, including formaldehyde. Properties

29. TRANSPARENT GLASS SUBSTITUTE USES

30. Poly(vinyl chloride), commonly abbreviated as PVC , is the third-most widely produced plastic , after polyethylene and polypropylene. Pure PVC is a white, brittle solid. It is insoluble in alcohol but slightly soluble in THF . POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)(PVC)

31. PVC was discovered accidently at least twice in the 19th century, first in 200 by French chemist Henri Victor Regnault and then in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann . On both occasion the polymer appeared as a white solid inside flasks of vinyl chloride that had been left exposed to sunlight. In the early 20th century the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties came due to rigidness . DISCOVERY

32. Waldo Semon and the B.F Goodrich Comany developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use. Cont.

33. Poly(vinyl chloride) is produced by polymerization of the monomer vinyl chloride ( VCM), as shown. About 80% of production involves suspension polymerization. SYNTHESIS

34. Weathering stability - PVC is resistant to aggressive environmental factor is therefore the material of choice for roofing. Versatility - PVC can be flexible or rigid. Fire protection - PVC is a material resistant to ignition due to its chlorine content. Longevity - PVC products can be last up to 100 yrs. and even more. Hygiene - PVC is a material of choice for medical applications, particularly blood and plasma storage containers. Eco efficiency - Only 43% of PVC'S content comes from oil (57% comes from salt); it therefore contributes to the preservation of that highly valuable resource. Economical efficiency - PVC is the cheapest of large-tonnage polymers providing many products with the best quality-price ratio. PROPERTIES

35. There are 2 types of PVC'S. Rigid PVC- it exhibits high surface strength and very good rigidity. It is used mainly for pipes, windows. Plasticized PVC- added with plasticizers which gives it flexibility which is used in the manufacture of films, expanded products, sheets, jacketing for electrical cables etc. In building and construction- PVC windows and doors, frames, shutters, panels, piping for drinking water distribution, flooring etc. In packaging- In foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals. In cars- panels for car doors, dashboards, electrical cabinets, matting. In electricity and electronics- jacketing of electrical cables for domestic use, telephones, sockets. APPLICATIONS

36. Poly Tetra Fluorine Ethylene (TEFLON)

37. The high thermal stability of the carbon fluorine bond has led to considerable interest in fluorine containing polymers as a heat resistant plastics and rubbers. INTRODUCTION

38. The first patent taken out by i.g farben in 1934 related to poly chloro tri flouro ethylene. PCTFE has been of limited application and it was the discovery of poly tetra flouroethylene by P lunkett in 1938 ORIGIN OF PTFE

39. TEFLON WAS FIRST PREPARED IN 1933. THE CURRENT COMMERCIAL SYNTHESIS OF TEFLON ARE BASED ON SULPHURIC ACID , FLOUROSPAR AND CHLOROFORM . PREPARATION OF MONOMER

40. PTFE IS MADE COMMERCIALY BY TWO METHODS. GRANUEL METHOD DISPERSION OF POLYMER OF MUCH FINER PARTICLE SIZE AND LOWE MOLECULAR WEIGHT. POLYMERIZATION

41. THE PROPERTIES OF PTFE ARE DEPEND ON THE TYPE OF POLYNMER AND THE METHOD PROCESSING IT IS OBSERVED THAT THE DISPERSION POLYMER WHICH OF FINE PARTICLE SIZE AND LOWER MOLECULAR WEIGHT , GIVES PRODUCTS WITH A VASTLY IMPROVED RESISTANCE TO FLEXING AND DISTINCTLY HIGHER TENSILE STERNGTH. PROPERTIES

42. CHEMICAL INERTNESS EXECPTIONAL WHETHER RESISTANCE THE EXCELLENT HEAT RESISTANCE NON ADHESIVE PROPERTIES VERY LOW VALUE OF CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION. APPLICATIONS

43. FORMALDEHYDE [HCHO]

44. Formaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2O or HCHO. It is the simplest aldehyde , hence its systematic name methanal . The common name of the substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid.  formaldehyde is colourless and has a characteristic pungent, irritating odour. ABOUT

45. Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol.It is also known as formox process . In this reaction methanol and oxygen react in presence of iron oxides at a temperature of 250–400 °C 2 CH 3 OH + O 2  → 2 CH 2 O + 2 H 2 O Dehydrogenation method CH 3 OH → H 2 CO + H 2 Synthesis and industrial production

46. Formaldehyde is also a precursor to polyfunctional alcohols such as pentaerythritol [ C 5 H 12 O 4 ], which is used to make paints and explosives. The textile industry uses formaldehyde-based resins as finishers to make fabrics crease-resistant. When treated with phenol, urea, or melamine, formaldehyde produces, respectively, hard thermoset phenol formaldehyde resin, urea formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. These polymers are common permanent adhesives used in plywood and carpeting. USES

47. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful as a disinfectant as it kills most bacteria and fungi.  formaldehyde solutions are commonly used as a biological preserving medium. Formaldehyde, along with 18 M (concentrated) sulphuric acid makes Marquis reagent which can be used to identify alkaloids and other compounds. CONT.

48. Most Of these are non biodegradable which can harm our environment and thus can lead to imbalance in the nature. When polymer incorporated with additives and when they are burnt, they emit a lot of poisonous gases into the atmosphere which results in choking. Low molecular weight polymers are difficult to recycle. Undergo oxidation and ozonation easily which can result in the increase of ozone hole size. Disadvantages of polymers

49. As you have seen that polymer is not a single compound. It has a large variety. All the different forms of polymers comes under one umbrella. From a simple Polyethylene to a complex composites, all comes under the heading of polymers. We have shown you that many polymers are having a lot of advantages in the spectrum of industrial level. But at the same time you have also seen the disadvantage of this polymer. As the saying says. Every Coin Has Two Sides. Conclusion

50. Thank you