Pond preparation and management.pptx

Fish pond preparation and farm management. Basics in ponds preparation, seed selection, feed management and disease management. rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr

1. Pond Preparation and Farm Management

2. Indian Major carps Name of the fish Feeding habit Feeding zone Catla Zooplankton Surface feeder Rohu Omnivorous Column feeder Mrigal Detritivorous Bottom feeder

3. Exotic carps Name of the fish Feeding habit Feeding zone Silver carp Phytoplankton Surface feeder Grass carp Omnivorous Surface, column and marginal feeder Common carp Detritivorous /Omnivorous Bottom feeder

4. Other fresh water fishes Name of the fish Feeding habit Feeding zone Pangasius Omnivorous Surface feeder Roopchand Omnivorous Surface, column and marginal feeder Murrels Detritivorous /Omnivorous Bottom feeder Cat fish Detritivorous /Omnivorous Surface, column and marginal feeder Tilapia Detritivorous /Omnivorous Surface, column and marginal feeder

5. Better Management Practices Pond preparation Selection of seed Stocking density Soil and water quality management Feeding management Health management

6. Pond preparation

7. Pond drying Dry method Wet method Drying for 2 to 4 weeks Mud has to be pumped out Oxidises the soil, increases fertility Quick and efficient for immediate culture Liming Neutralizes acidity of soil Fertilization Using organic fertilizers ( molasafe , dolamite , etc..) avoid using inorganic fertilizers like DAP, Single super phosphate, etc..) Tilling increase aeration, accelerate organic matter decomposition and oxidation of reduced compounds Levelling Pond preparation

8. Day Activities Day 1 Harvest/Dewatering Day 2 Liming the pond bottom Day 2–14 Dry the bottom until cracks appear Day 15 Plough & Manuring the pond Day 16–18 Filling of pond with water Day 18–20 Bottom racking Day 22–23 Stocking of fingerling Dry method

9. Liming Bottom drying

10. Enhancing Plankton Manuring Organic Cow Dung : 300-500kg/acre Vermicompost : 50-100kg/acre Molasafe : 2kg/acre Inorganic Super Phosphate : 25 – 30 kg/acre DAP : 10-15 kg/acre Urea : 2 - 4 kg/acre (One time) Zinc : 250 - 300g/acre Liming : 10 - 15 kg/acre (15 days once)

11. Water filling and preparation Keep the filter nets to avoid parasites, unwanted fishes and its eggs. Plankton development Application of organic juice : 10 am – 11 am Rice bran : 40 kg/ha Jaggery : 20 kg/ha Yeast : 1 kg/ha Add water and Keep 48 hrs. for fermentation Add 500gm/ha probiotic before two hours of application

12. Initial filtration Final filtration

13. Organic juice Water colour

14. Seed selection

15. Selecting ‘Healthy and Good Seed’ Equal Sizes No markings/wounds/parasites Gills should be bright red No shooters Active & colorful

16. Stocking and density

17. Seed Stocking Avoid sudden/ immediate seed stocking pH and Temp. should be same (pond & container ) Do not feed on stocking day Feeding very low level in first four days Increase after 4 days gradually

18. NURSERY , REARING and GROW-OUT production units. NURSERY : Three day old (yolk-sack absorbed) larvae or spawn grown to 25 mm fry over a 20 to 30 day period. SD: 3-10million/Ha REARING: Fry to Fingerling (60-80mm) for 50-75 days SD: 0.1-0.5million/Ha GROW-OUT : Fingerling to Market size Three tier culture system

19. Stocking Density: 3000 – 4000 per acre for carps 15,000-25,000 per acre for air breathing fishes Growth rate will reduce as the stocking density increases. 19

20. Soil and Water Quality Management

21. Faeces Dead Plants & Animals Uneaten Feed HIGH ORGANIC LOAD Toxic Metabolites What is Happening in a Pond ?

22. Parameters Under control Dissolved oxygen pH Ammonia H 2 S Nitrite (NO 2 -) Turbidity Out of control Temperature Alkalinity? Other parameters Pathogens Plankton bloom

23. Dissolved oxygen solubility of oxygen: · decreases as the temperature increases. · decreases with increase in salinity . · decreases with higher humidity . · increases with depth (To some extent). Addition of any extraneous matter into the pond increases the oxygen demand.

24. pH pH is to measure acidity or alkalinity of water. pH range: 0-14, Neutral pH: 7 Daily fluctuation of pH should be <0.5 Control of pH is essential for minimizing ammonia and H 2 S toxicity. Diurnal fluctuation is associated with the intensity of photosynthesis To increase: Agriculture lime To decrease: Fermented slurry and probiotic application

25. Ammonia is the next prioritized gas after oxygen. High ammonia levels can arise from overfeeding with high levels of protein and excreta. Ammonia will be in the form of nontoxic ammonium ion (NH4+) at pH below 8.0. Treatments: Application of zeolite can control the ammonia Ammonia

26. H 2 S H 2 S gives rotten egg smell. It causes impact on pond oxidation or reduction. photosynthetic bacteria plays an important role through absorption and conversion of organic matter into the minerals and nutrients. Treatment: Rhodobacter and Rhodococus bacteria 3-5 lit/acre

27. Nitrite Ammonia turns to nitrite and can’t convert to nitrate. Mostly formed due to the overfeeding and lack of nitrifying bacteria. Treatment: Addition of nitrifying bacteria Using salt also can solve the problem to some extent

28. Turbidity Water turbidity refers to the quantity of suspended material. cause clogging of gills Suspended particles dispel each other due to negative-charges. Coagulation can be done with electrolytes. Treatment: Ferric chloride or alum 4-5kg/acre

29. Alkalinity Acts as a buffer between 70-200ppm Combination of carbonates and bicarbonates. Sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate can be used to increase the alkalinity. In general we can’t control the alkalinity. But addition of acids will reduce the alkalinity as well as pH.

30. Pathogens Treatment: Triple salts ( Profect Aquatic) 1-2kg/acre Can control by using BKC, Iodine and Idophore also effective.

31. Plankton blooms Overfeeding Stop feeding for few days or reduce Application of inorganic fertilizers Brown colour due to zooplankton domination How to reduce? Benzyl Konium Chloride 80% (BKC): 1lit/acre

32. Feeding management

33. Two feeding methods Pellet feeding

34. Distributing feed throughout the pond was limited to the first month of production. Start with 5 to 8 feeding points per hectare at the start of the production cycle when the feed requirements are low. As the feed requirements increase, gradually increase the number of feed points up to 25 feed points/Ha.

35. Feeding should be done based on the body weight. It is recommended to refer the feeding chart provided by various feed companies.

36. Thick bloom -- 50% reduction Pouring Heavy rain -- Cancel meal / 50% meal Windy cloudy or hot sunny days -- Reduce feed 50% DO problem shrimp surfacing -- Reduce feed 50% for 1-2 days during early morning hours Water exchange -- Reduce feed 50% Chemical Application -- Reduce feed 50%

37. Overfeeding leads to HIGH PLANKTON BLOOMS Plankton crash and LOW D.O

38. Health management

39. Thus, Diseases are common in aquaculture systems that need to be monitored regularly. Therefore, Health management in aquaculture is an important step to have a successful harvest.

40. Behavioral observation of Stocks Daily basis / especially at feeding times Are the fishes feeding normally Is the most of fish coming to the feed

41. Abnormal Behavior Congregated together in a corner Pond with out any movement Not responding to feed or any stimuli Group of fish surfacing more than average This all reactions mostly due to poor water quality

42. Pathogens are always present, but they cause disease in times of stress High stocking Density High and Low Temps., Low D.O Toxic gases Organic Load

43. Feed additives Various immunity and growth enhancers are added to feeds when stunted growth, deformities, or diseases are noticed in cultured species.

44. PROBIOTCS Useful/Friendly bacteria

45. Two types of Probiotics are in use in Aquaculture. Feed Probiotics Pond Probiotics

46. The use of beneficial bacteria ( probiotics ) to displace pathogenic bacteria by competitive processes is a better remedy than administering antibiotics.

47. Potential Benefits of Probiotics are: Enhanced Decomposition of Organic Matter Better Algal Growth Control of Ammonia, Nitrite and H2S Lower incidence of Disease Better Survival and Good Growth .

48. Apart from improving digestion, microflora can improve disease resistance & recovery from infection, especially in the digestion tract.