Population 9th

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1. POPULATION

2. INTRODUCTION People are important to develop the economy and society .They use the resources, themselves are the resource for the society and country. Example :Coal was a rock but until human understood it benefits, applied technology on it is used for generating electricity. Therefore their distribution, composition , growth etc are important to be studied. Population thus studies the following three things about people: 1. Population Size and Distribution: how many people are there and where they are located? 2. Population Growth and processes of population change: How has the population growth changed through time 3. Characteristics or quality of population: What are their age, sex-composition, literacy levels, occupational structure etc. Therefore Population in India is calculated by the governmental body called Census of India who collects the population related data after every 10 years. First census of India was conducted on 1881

3. Population Distribution

4. Distribution of Population It refers to way and the areas where the population is spread on the Earth.

5. Density of population It refers to number of persons living per square kilometer. Its unit is persons per square kilometer.

6. Hilly areas with moderate to low rainfall, less fertile soils , difficult to make infrastructure are thus having less density of population. Plains which have fertile soil, abundant rainfall, suitable climate have high density of population

7. Population Growth/Growth of Population It refers to change in the number of inhabitants of the country within a specific period of time. It is calculated in two ways: 1.Absolute numbers 2. %change per year Absolute numbers: it refers to studying population in absolute numbers or persons in a country or region. It is calculated as subtracting the earlier population from the base year. % change per year: it is studied in terms of persons per cent per annum .Example: if we have 2 % increase in population, it means 2 persons after every 100 persons were added . It is also called as Annual Growth Rate.

8. Year Population in absolute numbers Population Growth 1951 361088090 13.3 1961 439234771 21.6 1971 548159652 24.8 1981 683329097 24.6 1991 846421039 23.8 2001 1028737436 21.5 2011 1210193422(1.21 billion) 17.6 Million is 10 6 B illion is 10 9 (one hundred Crore )

9. Processes of Population Growth/Change 1.Birth Rate: it refers to number of live births per thousand persons in a year. 2.Death Rate: it refers to number of deaths per thousand of a population in a year. 3. Migration: it refers to the movement of the people across regions, within country and with other country. It is of two types: A) Internal Migration: migration that takes place within the country due to various push or pull factors. This type of migration does not affect the size of population but affects the distribution of population. B) International Migration: migration that takes place with other countries due to various push or pull factors . This type of migration changes the size, composition(male /female) and distribution of population too.

10. Age Composition It refers to number of persons in different age groups in a country. The population of India is studied in 3 age groups: 1.Children(below 15 years) : They are economically unproductive and thus need to provided with food, clothing, education and medical care. 2. Working Age(15-59 years): They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population. 3. Aged(Above 59 years): They are economically productive though they have retired. They may be working voluntarily.

11. SEX-RATIO It is the ratio between number of women and men in the population. In India, it is calculated with the help of following formula: Female Population x 1000 Male Population It can also be said as the ratio of number of females per thousand males. It is a social indiacator to measure the extent and extent of equality between males and females in a society at a given point of time.

12. Census Years Sex Ratio( Females per 1000 males) 1901 972 1911 964 1921 955 1931 950 1941 945 1951 946 1961 941 1971 930 1981 934 1991 927 2001 933 2011 943

13. Reasons for Low/ Unfavourable Sex-Ratio are: 1.Preference of Male Child 2.Dowry deaths 3.Neglect of health, education of females 4.Female Infanticide(killing girl child inside the womb of mother) 5.Female Foeticide (killing girl child after she is born) 6.Domestic violence against women 7.Lower socio-economic status of women

14. LITERACY RATE According to Census of India, “ A person who is above 7 years age and is able to read, write and understand any language is called as Literate.” A person who is literate is able to contribute for the development of the country and society. State with highest literacy rate is Kerala and lowest is Bihar.

15. OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE It refers to how population is involved in different occupations. The percentage of occupation that is economically active is index of the development of the country. Various occupations done by people are: 1.Primary Activities: it is the economic activity which aims in production of raw material like agriculture, forestry, fishing etc. 2.Secondary Activities: these are the economic activities which helps in conversion of raw material into finished goods like manufacturing industry ,building etc. 3.Teritiary Activities : these are these economic activities that help in provision of good to people through better means of transport and communication, trade etc. Developed nations like USA have high proportion of people in secondary and tertiary sector and developing country like India have high involvement in primary sector.64 % percent of people are involved in agriculture, 13 and 20 % in secondary and tertiary activities.

16. HEALTH It is the important component of population composition. Death rate has decreased from 8.1 per 1000 people in 2001to 7.1 per 1000 people in 2011. This shows there is improvement in public health, modern medical practices in diagnosis and treatment of all diseases etc. Still people of India are not able to have their basic calorie consumption, drinking water, basic ammenities like food,shelter,clothing etc.

17. ADOLESCENTS POPULATION It refers to young population(10-19 years) in the working age groups of 15-59 years. They are the important resource for the future. These adolescents are facing various problems like lack of nutrition .large number of adolescents girls are anemic. These problems can be removed through education among all.

18. NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY,2000 This policy was combination of all efforts like The Family Welfare Programme in 1952 etc for planning about future population of India. It have following aims: 1.imparting free an compulsory education to all upto 14 years of age. 2.reducing infant mortality rate to 30 per 1000 live births 3.promoting delayed marriage for girls. 4.achieving universal immunsation of children against all diseases. 5.making family welfare a people centered programme .

19. ADOLESCENTS AND NPP 2000 Various problems faced by the adolescents are to be taken care in this. It has following aims: 1. Nutritional requirements of adolescents need to fulfilled. 2.making measures to prevent child marriage. 3. education of adolescents about various sexually transmitted disases (STD) like AIDS. 4.making contraceptives accessible and affordable. 5. encouraging about less birth to children.

20. QUESTIONS Q1. Discuss the major components of population growth or population change. A1. The major components of population growth are as follows: 1.Birth Rate: it refers to number of live births per thousand persons in a year. 2.Death Rate: it refers to number of deaths per thousand of a population in a year. 3. Migration: it refers to the movement of the people across regions, within country and with other country. It is of two types Internal Migration and International Migration. A) Internal Migration: migration that takes place within the country due to various push or pull factors. This type of migration does not affect the size of population but affects the distribution of population. B) International Migration: migration that takes place with other countries due to various push or pull factors . This type of migration changes the size, composition(male /female) and distribution of population too. Q2. What are the advantages of having a healthy population? A2. 1.Healthy population are the assets of the country. If the population is healthy in an country they will work on their own and which in turn will decrease the dependency ratio. 2. Healthy mind resides in the healthy body. If they are healthy they will be aware about their talents, capabilties and help in the development of the country.

21. Q3.Why is rate of population growth in India declining since 1981? A3. Population Growth refers to change in the population of an area between two periods of time. Rate of population growth is declining because of following reasons: 1. Awareness among the people that more population will put pressure on the resources(physical and human) and result in its depletion. 2. Introduction of policy like National Population Policy 2000.which aims at stabilizing population by various techniques. 3. Making provisions for adolescents like educating them, providing nutrition supplements etc to them by the government who are the future of the country Q4. Define age structure? A4.It refers to number of persons in different age groups in a country. The population of India is studied in 3 age groups: 1.Children(below 15 years) : They are economically unproductive and thus need to provided with food, clothing, education and medical care. 2. Working Age(15-59 years): They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population. 3. Aged(Above 59 years): They are economically productive though they have retired. They may be working voluntarily.

22. Q5. Distinguish between population growth and population change. Q6. What is the relation between occupational structure and development . A6 Occupational Structure refers to involvement of the people in various activities like P rimary, Secondary and Tertiary activities. 1Involvement of people in various activities have a relation with development of the country: 2. If more people are involved in primary activities like agriculture , it is a developing country like India. 3. if people are engaged more in secondary and tertiary activities, it shows that it is a developed country like USA. Population Growth Population Change Population Growth refers to change in the population of an area between two specific periods of time. Population Change refers to change in the population of an area because of various processes like Birth Rate, Death Rate and Migration.

23. Q7. What are the significant features of National Population Policy 2000 and about adolescents. A7. National Population Policy 2000 was combination of all efforts like The Family Welfare Programme in 1952 etc for planning to stabalise (control) future population of the country. It have following aims: 1.imparting free an compulsory education to all upto 14 years of age. 2.reducing infant mortality rate to 30 per 1000 live births 3.promoting delayed marriage for girls. 4.achieving universal immunsation of children against all diseases. 5.making family welfare a people centered programme National Population Policy for Adolescents have following aims: 1. Nutritional requirements of adolescents need to fulfilled. 2.making measures to prevent child marriage. 3. education of adolescents about various sexually transmitted diseases(STD ) like AIDS. 4.making contraceptives accessible and affordable. 5. encouraging about less birth to children.