POPULATION CONTROL.pptx

population control can be achieved by overall development of women.

1. POPULATION CONTROL Overall development – population control can be achieved by overall development of women. It means women need to be empowered and they should be developed socially, economically, and educationally so as to decide and take appropriate measures to have small size family which helps to reduce the population growth and achieve the population control.

2. Measures to control population Increasing the age of marriage Spread the importance of education especially women’s education. Sex education along with general education Liberal laws regarding abortion Improvement in the status of women Implement programs for motivating and encouraging population control. Making arrangements for effective implementation of family welfare programme .

3. PROMOTION OF SMALL FAMILY NORMS Family size refers to the total number of person’s in a family. In demography, family size means the total number of children a woman has born at a point in time. The family size depends upon number of factors like: Duration of marriage Education of couple The number of live births and living children Preference of male children Desired family size Customs and beliefs, etc

4. CONT…. Small differences in the family size will make big differences in the birth rate. The family size play a very important role in the health and welfare of not only the individual, family and community but also of the nation as a whole because it’s affects the population growth rate.

5. EFFECTS OF FAMILY SIZE Basic human needs Income, saving and resources Quality and quantity of food Fragmentation of family land Health Education

6. ELIGIBLE COUPLE AND TARGET COUPLE Eligible couple refers to- Newly married couple, where in the woman is in reproductive age group ( 15 to 45 years ). Health education to eligible couples about: If the mother is having one child, if she want another child, then give advice about the contraceptive methods for spacing the child Tell the eligible couple how to prevent the sexual diseases. Tell the eligible couples about the advantages of contraceptive methods

7. CONT….. It prevents STD It prevents AIDS It prevents unwanted pregnancies Medical advice is not required It is simple, reliable, easy available Tell them to meet doctors, if any abnormal signs prevented Target couples refers to: the couples who having 2- 3 living children.

8. FAMILY PLANNING “A way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country” - W.H.O

9. SCOPE OF FAMILY PLANNING Proper spacing and limitations of birth Advise on sterility Education for parenthood Screening for pathological conditions related to reproductive system Pre marital consultation Carrying out pregnancy test Preparation of couples for the arrival of their first child

10. OBJECTIVES To avoid unwanted births To bring about wanted births To regulate the intervals between pregnancies To control the time at which births occur in relation to the ages of the parent To determine the number of children in the family

11. FAMILY PLANNING METHOD Methods of family planning Temporary methods Permanent methods For Men: a) For Men: Vasectomy Condom b) For Women: Tubectomy Withdrawal Abstinence b) For Women: Condom IUD ( Lippes loop, Copper- T) Hormonal contraceptives Diaphragm Foam tablets, jelly and creams Rhythm methods ( safe period )

12. TEMPORARY METHODS ( SPACING METHOD) Condom ( Nirodh ): The condom is a thin rubber sheath used by men during sex. It is one of the oldest and widely used methods of contraception, consistently used, condom is a safe and effective method of birth control. The condom is unrolled over erect penis before each act of sexual intercourse The condom prevents the deposition of semen in vagina The combination of chemical spermicide and condom is effective method of contraception

13. Advantages: Easy available through a variety of commercial outlets: offered free of cost at all family welfare centers Easy to use Protects against STDs and AIDS No side effects Require no medical supervision Disadvantages: A new condom must be used each time It may slip off or tear. If instructions are not followed carefully

14. INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUD) There are many types of IUD Lippes loop Copper- T are commonly used in India. Lippes loop: It is a double ‘S’ shaped plastic device made of polyethylene. Time of insertion- The best time for IUD insertion is between 3-7 days of the menstrual cycle. Side effects: - Backache Lower abdominal pain Menorrhagia Vaginal discharge Pelvic infection

15. Advantages: Inexpensive One time method Reversible No hospitalization Disadvantages: Painful Side effects Expulsion

16. Copper- T Copper- T is also made up of plastic material and the copper wire is wrapped around the stem of the device. The copper device maybe replaced every 3-5 years. Side effects: - Bleeding Painful period Painful intercourse Pregnancy outside the uterus Expulsion Pain in legs

17. Advantages: - Small in size and therefore easier insertion Low expulsion rate Greater effectiveness Safety, simplicity, reversibility Disadvantages: - Heavy bleeding and pain Pelvic inflammatory diseases Ectopic pregnancy May come out accidently if not properly inserted.

18. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES Oral pills Injectables (DMPA, NET- EN) Subdermal implants Oral pills: It contain small amounts of an estrogen and progestin. They are particularly suitable as a ‘spacing method’ for young couples below the age of 30 years. Types of pills: Mala- D Mala- N Components of drugs: Norethisterone – 0.30mg Ethinyl estradiol – 0.03mg

19. Mode of intake: A packet of oral pills contains 28 pills, of 21 are contraceptive pills and the remaining 7 are iron tablets. The first course of the pills should be started strictly on the 5 th day of the menstruation Then daily one tablet should be taken from the packet as indicated by the arrows on the pack till all the pills are consumed After the pack is finished, a new packet should be started from the very next day Instructions issued with each packet should be closely followed

20. CONT…. The pill should be taken every day at night in a fixed time. Preferably before going to bed at night If a women forgets to take the pills on a particular day, she should take the missed pill as soon as possible, or 2 pills the next day; one in the morning and one in the evening If the pills is not taken daily it increases the chances of conception.

21. SIDE EFFECT EARLY Mild nausea Dizziness Headache Intermenstrual bleeding Spotting Weight gain Tender breast LATE/ RARE Hypertension Cardiovascular complication

22. ADVANTAGES 100% effective No interference with sexual intercourse Reversible method DISADVANTAGES Prior medical examination is necessary Side effects Require strong motivation and self- discipline

23. INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVES Progestogen only injectables DMPA- Depotmedroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) has been in use since 1960s. The standard use an intramuscular injection of 150mg every 3 months. NET-EN- Norethisterone enantate has been in use as a contraceptive since 1966. It is 200mg will be given intramuscularly with 2 months intervals. Combined injectable contraceptive: Cycloferm had been found to be highly effective with 12 months. Subdermal implants: It consist of 6 silastic capsules containing 35mg of levonogestrel . It will be fixed below skin of upper arm. It is need surgery for fixation. for example- Norplant.

24. DIAPHRAGM: It is a soft rubber dome with a coiled spring rim. Advantages- cheap and effective Disadvantages- Doctor and nurse is required to determine the proper size. FOAM TABLETS, JELLY AND CREAMS- Foam tablets, jelly, suppository, and creams or vaginal contraceptives pills are inserted deep in the vagina. Advantages- prevents pregnancy Disadvantages- It will give burning sensation It must be used almost immediately before intercourse and repeated before each sex act It must be introduced into those rigions of the vagina where sperm are likely to deposited

25. RHYTHM METHOD/ SAFE PERIOD/ CALENDER METHOD: The method is based on the fact that ovulation occurs from 12 th to 16 th days before the onset of menstruation The intercourse must be avoided during ovulation period The one week after menstruation and before menstruation is safe period

26. PERMANENT METHODS (TERMINAL METHODS) For Men (Vasectomy): Vasectomy is a comparatively simple operation, it can be performed even in primary health centers by trained doctors under local anesthesia. Complication- operative Sperm granules Spontaneous regularization Autoimmune response Psychological

27. For Women (Tubectomy): It involves cutting and trying of the fallopian tubes Laparoscopy- the abdomen is inflated with gas (nitrous oxide) and the instrument (laparoscope) is inserted into abdominal cavity to visualize the tubes. Once the tubes are accessible, fallopian rings (clips) are applied to occlude the tubes Minilaparotomy - it is modification of abdominal tubectomy It is much simpler procedure requiring a smaller abdominal incision of only 2.5- 3cm conducted under local anesthesia The tubules will be selected, clamp 1cm and it will be removed. After removing folded into back and tied. This technique is considered as a revolutionary procedure for female sterilization.

28. ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN FAMILY WELFARE SERVICES/ PROGRAMME Understanding Knowledge about family planning Knowledge about the person Communication and health education Conducting clinics Organizing family planning camps Follow up Educational functions and motivation Referral Maintaining the records