POPULATION DYANAMICS, POPULATION EXPLOSION, DECLINING SEX RATIO

Population Dynamics.

Causes & Consequences of Population Explosion & its Control .

Declining Sex Ratio and its Implications

1. Population Dynamics of India Causes & C onsequences of P opulation Explosion & its Control Declining Sex Ratio and its Implications Dr. Anuj Singh Asst. Professor Community Medicine Dept. UIMS, Prayagraj 1

2. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

3. Replacement-level fertility about 2.1 children per woman Replacement-level fertility: Total fertility levels of about 2.1 children per woman. This value represents the average number of children a woman would need to have to reproduce herself by bearing a daughter who survives to childbearing age.

4. Relation between :

5. Population dynamics of India-

6. Population dynamics of India- India, the country with largest population in the world.As of 2024, India's population is around 1.43 billion Understanding India's population dynamics is crucial for- economic planning, resource allocation, social policies

7. India’s Population Growth India's population grew rapidly after independence in 1947 High fertility rates and declining mortality rates led to rapid growth Growth rate peaked at 2.2% per year in the 1970s Current growth rate is around 1% per year

8. India’s Demographic Transition India is in the midst of a demographic transition Transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates As life expectancy improves and fertility declines, the population ages

9. Age Structure- Dynamics of India’s population cont.. India has a young population currently Around 27% under age 15 Only 6% elderly (aged 65+) Demographic dividend with large working-age population

10. Urbanization- Dynamics of India’s population cont.. India's urban population is growing rapidly Currently around 35% live in urban areas Urbanization rate of over 2% per year Straining resources and infrastructure of the country

11. Regional Variation- Dynamics of India’s population cont.. Significant regional variation in growth rates and demographics Higher growth in northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar Lower growth in southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu

12. Policy Challenges Dynamics of India’s population cont.. Managing population growth while achieving development goals Investing in education, healthcare and job creation Empowering women and promoting family planning Managing aging population and urbanization

13. Population dynamics are a critical challenge for India Achieving a balanced demographic transition is key Policies must address regional variation Population dynamics impact all development goals

14. India- Population Explosion

15. 25 Population Explosion in India Population explosion is defined as a massive increase in the population of a country in a short span of time Causes of population explosion are: Younger age at marriage of females; it has been estimated that increasing the age at marriage of females from 18 to 21 years can significantly decrease the TFR Universality of marriage Desire to have a male child

16. 26 Causes of population explosion – cont.. Illiteracy and Ignorance Poverty Poor access or low availability of contraceptive services, (h) Use of force on the community to adopt contraceptive services, causing aversion to the family welfare programme lack of women’s empowerment in the society and not involving them in the decision making about family size

17. Consequences of population explosion are:

18. 28 Consequences of population explosion are: Increase in poverty in individual families since they have to feed more mouths Unemployment Increasing load and strain on health care services Increasing load on socio-developmental services as education Increasing load on infrastructure as housing, roads, water supply, solid waste and excreta disposal services Increasing load on natural resources as water On a national level, increase in ill-health, poverty, unemployment and illiteracy

19. Population Control Family Planning 29

20. Definition of Family Planning Family Planning has been defined as a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily , on the basis of knowledge, attitudes, and responsible decisions, by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group, thus contributing effectively to the social development of a country. 30

21. Definition of Family Planning Another definition of family planning is that family planning refers to practices that help individuals and couples to attain the following objectives: avoid unwanted births bring about wanted births regulate the interval between pregnancies control the time at which birth occurs in relation to the ages of the parents determine the number of children in the family 31

22. National Population Policy 2000 (NPP)

23. National Population Policy 2000 (NPP) The objectives of NPP are as follows: Immediate objectives: To address the need of unmet contraception and deficiencies in healthcare infrastructure and health manpower Medium term: To bring total fertility rate (TFR) to the replacement level by 2010 Long term: To achieve stable population by 2045 at a level consistent with sustained economic growth and social development 33

24. National Population Policy 2000 (NPP) Twelve strategic actions to achieve objectives of NPP are: De-centralized planning and program implementation Convergence of service delivery at the village level Empowering women for improved health and nutrition Focus on child health and survival Meeting the unmet needs of family welfare services Increased participation of men in planned parenthood 34

25. National Population Policy 2000 (NPP) 7. To achieve a diverse system of healthcare providers by involving licentiate medical practitioners 8. Achieve collaboration with (and commitment from) NGOs and private (profit and non-profit) organizations 9. Mainstreaming Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) and Homeopathy into family welfare activities 10. Improved contraceptive technology and research on reproductive and child health issues 11. Providing health for elderly population 12 . Emphasis on ( IEC) 35

26. National Family Welfare Programme

27. National Family Welfare Programme Includes a package of closely inter-related programs and services RCH program addressing health of women of reproductive age group, mothers, children, and adolescents family planning program focusing on population stabilization Population stabilization and small family norm cannot be seen in isolation but have to be coordinated with good maternal, child, and adolescent health services 37

28. National Family Welfare Programme Objectives and Targets To reduce the MMR to 100 per lakh live births To reduce the IMR to 30 per 1000 live births To bring down the TFR to 2.1 To stabilize the population of India at 1400 million in 2026 To bring the age of first conception to at least 18 years To have a zero level of “unmet needs of family planning” (currently it is 12.9%) To have 100% spacing of 3 years between two successive births (presently it is approximately 50.3%) 38

29. Approach and Implementation The delivery is through all governmental healthcare agencies, including ASHA, Anganwadi , ANMs, LHVs, PHCs and further higher health facilities. Coercion, force, or any undue gratification has NO place in the program . A “basket of choices” is available under the program. This includes the permanent methods and the temporary methods. Permanent methods that are available are: Tubectomy —both Minilap and laparoscopic. Vasectomy—both conventional and no scalpel vasectomy (NSV). 39

30. Approach and Implementation Temporary (spacing) methods include: Injectable contraceptives: DMPA under the “ Antara ” program. Oral contraceptive pills: Mala N and Centchroman ( Chhaya ). Condoms. IUCD of two varieties: ( i ) Cu T 380 A (10 years) and (ii) Cu T 375 (5 years). 40

31. Mission Parivar Vikas

32. Mission Parivar Vikas Mission Parivar Vikas (MPV) was launched in 2016 for substantially increasing access to contraceptive and family planning services in districts with high fertility . Districts of seven high focus states (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Assam) with TFR 3 and above have been included. 42

33. Current Status Contraceptive usage : As per NFHS-5, the contraceptive use for India is 66.7% Unmet need of family planning : This means- “ a married women, who wish to stop child bearing or wait for next 2 or more years for the next child birth, but not using any contraceptive method. Total unmet need of family planning is 9.4% (NFHS-5 ) ” 43

34. Contraceptive Practice Contraception is defined “ as a method which allow people to attain their desired number of children, if any, and to determine the spacing of their pregnancies, while fulfilling the natural process of sexual uni on” As per the National Population Policy 2000 and the RCH program in our country, couples should be given a choice of contraceptive methods Promotion of contraception purely on a voluntary basis , without any coercion, with provision of adequate information about the various contraceptive alternatives is the central ethos of our national family welfare program 44

35. Efficacy of the Contraceptive Method

36. 46 Efficacy of the Contraceptive Method Examples- Calendar method: 9/100 HWY (9%) Basal Body Temperature (BBT) method: 1–2/100 HWY (1–2%) Cervical mucus method: 3/100 HWY (3%) Symptothermal method: 2/100 HWY (2%) Condom: 12-14/100 HWY (12-14%) IUCD: 1-2/100 HWY (1-2%) DMPA: 0.1–0.4 /100 HWY (0.1–0.4%)

37. Methods of Contraception

38. Sex Ratio

39. 49 Sex Ratio It is defined as number of females per 1,000 males In India, the sex ratio, as per 2011 Census, was found to be 940 females per 1,000 males

40. 50 Child Sex Ratio It is defined as “number of female children in the age group of 0–6 years, per 1000 male children of the same age group (0–6 years).” Compared to overall sex ratio, the child sex ratio gives a more clear picture of the recent practices in the society regarding selective elimination of female children, by way of pre- conceptional and pre-natal sex determination, or less care of female children after birth. As per the Census, 2011, the child sex ratio (0–6 years) is 919.

41. Sex Ratio at Birth It is defined as number of female children born per 1000 male children, in a calendar year By natural laws, it should be 1000 (female newborns for 1000 male newborns) A low sex ratio at birth gives- a very reliable measure of the current practices (over the immediate past 1 year) of gender discrimination and selective abortion of female fetuses As per NFHS-5 data, low sex ratio at birth was seen in for Chandigarh (838), Tamil Nadu (878), Rajasthan (891), Haryana (893), Odisha (894), and Jharkhand (899) 51

42. Causes of Low Sex Ratio Exorbitant dowry demand Other socio-economic reasons for low sex ratio are: Male children are seen as “working hands” for a family Male children are considered necessary to carry on the genetic tree whereas girls are considered as “other family’s property” Female children need more protection, being susceptible to sexual and physical violence and such acts may bring shame to the family of the girl Widely available diagnostics to detect the sex of foetus while in utero and termination of pregnancy in case of a female foetus 52

43. Causes of Low Sex Ratio Beliefs of community: Only the son who can perform the last rites Lineage and inheritance runs through the male line Sons will look after parents in old age Men are the breadwinners 53

44. Implications of Low Sex Ratio

45. Implications of Low Sex Ratio Socio-Ecological “Imbalance” if females are very less, since nature requires one female for every male in the long run Low social status of females in the society Low “decision-making power” of family in family affairs Low literacy rate among women Violence against women, both in the homes and in the society 55

46. Preventive Measures Education of the society using mass media and various social and religious platforms Role modeling, with depiction of the facts that girls and women can contribute much more than men, in every walk of life Social welfare schemes, for example, “ Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao ” program Improving the status of women in the society, by increasing their educational levels and creating more job opportunities for them Legal actions, for example, the PC-PNDT Act which places severe deterrence on pre- conceptional and pre-natal sex determination 56

47. Preventive Measures 6. Strict implementation of Anti-Dowry Act and rules 7. Increasing the status of women in the society 8. Free education and reservations in educational seats for females in various general educational and professional educational courses 9. Reservations for women in employment, both government and private 10. Improved health care for women and children 57