Population Geo blue print material for fourth year geography students

this is population geography blue print for exit exam preparation

1. GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT
BASED ON BLUE PRINT
Andualem F.(MA)
27/09/2016 E.C
UNIVERSITY OF KEBRIDEHAR

2. 1
DEFINE
POPULATION
GEOGRAPHY ?
Population Geography is the study of Human geography
with respect to Size, Composition, Spatial distribution and
changes in the population that occurover time.
 Population geography involves demography in a geographical
perspective.
It focuses on the characteristics of population distributions
that change in a spatial context.
It is the study of ;
where people are ?
why they are there ?
why they move ?
where they might go ?

3. POPULATION
GEOGRAPHY
CONTINUED....
 Population geography also examines the influences of economic,
cultural, political, or environmental factors on population changes.

4. CORE CONCEPT
OF POPULATION
GEOGRAPHY
The core concept of population geography is the
scientific study of people, their spatial distributions and
density.
Population geography examines
1)how people are distributed across the world
2)how they change in number and composition
over time

3)how they interact with their environment

5. TERMS RELATED
TO POPULATION
GEOGRAPHY
Demography is a branch of
sociology that studies about the
characteristics of human
population.
Sociology is a branch of social
science, it focus on the study and
classification of human society.
History is a branch of social science discipline that records
and interpret past events in volving human beings activities.

6. 2
Differentiate the term
''Population Geography''
from ''Population
Studies''
Population geography - the study of population
phenomena and problems; patterns and trends
in different parts of the world; small or large areas.
Population studies - on the other hand, is not
concerned only with the components and
variables of population but also with the
relationships between population changes and
other variables like social economic, political,
biological, genetic and geographical etc.

7. DISTINGUISH
THESETERMS
Population geography is more focused
on the spatial aspects of population
Population studies is more
interdisciplinary and holistic.

8. CORE CONCEPTS OF POPULATION STUDIES
Population studies is the
scientific study of human
populations. Some of the core
concepts of population studies
are
1. Population dynamics: the
changes in the size, composition,
and distribution of populations
over time and space, influenced
by factors such as birth, death,
migration, and aging.
2. Fertility and family
dynamics: the determinants and
consequences of reproductive
behavior, such as marriage,
childbearing, contraception,
abortion, and family formation
and dissolution.
3.Health, aging, and
mortality: the patterns
and causes of morbidity
and mortality across the
life course, and their
implications for
population health and
well- being.
4. Human capital and labor
markets: the interactions
between population
characteristics, such as education,
skills, health, and labor force
participation, and economic
outcomes, such as income,
poverty, and inequality.
4.Methodology: the
development and
application of quantitative
and qualitative methods
for collecting,
analyzing, and
interpreting population
data.

9. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY IS A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD !
Population studies is a
multidisciplinary field
that draws on theories
and concepts from
various disciplines, such
as

Biology


Genetics


Mathematics


Statistics


Economics


Sociology



Anthropology



Psychology



Politics


Geography
\

Medicine


Public health


Ecology etc

10. MORE ABOUT POPULATION STUDIES...
Population studies is the scientific study of human populations. It covers broad
population dynamics; fertility and family dynamics; health, aging, and
mortality; and human capital and labor markets.
Researchers in population studies also focus on methodology.
In general, population studies is concerned with the empirical study of
population.
Scientists study a population by examining how individuals in that population
interact with each other and how the population as a whole interacts with its
environment.

11. 3
MAIN SOURCE
OF
''DEMOGRAPHIC
DATA''
Demographic data means refers to data that is
statistically socio-economic in nature such as population,
race, income, education and employment, which
represent specific geographic locations and are often
associated with time
The most important source of demographic data is the
census.
The major source of demographic data include;
1.Census
2.Registration of vital events (records)
3.Representative sample survey

12. 1.CENSUS
CENSUS is the total process of collecting, evaluating, analyzing and
publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social
data pertaining, at a specified time, to all persons in a country or in a well-
defined of a country.
An official count of the people of a country or district including age, sex,
employment.

13. Essential
feature of
census

A) Individual enumeration - the term census implies that each
individual and each set of living quarter is enumerated separately
and that the characteristics thereof are separately recorded
B)Universality within a defined territory – the census should
cover a preciously defined territory (e.g. The entire country or a
well delimited part of it) and it doesn't preclude the use of
sampling techniques
 The population census should include every person present or
residing within its scope, depending upon the type of population
count required.

14. Essential
feature
continued...
C). Simultaneity– each person and each set of living quarters
should be enumerated as of the same well-defined point in
the time and the data collected should to a well-defined
reference period.
D)Defined periodicity- census should take at regular intervals
so that comparable information is made available in fixed
sequence.
E)Government sponsorship– the census is necessary
government sponsored activity. Because of its expensiveness
government arrange, finance and implement census plan.

15. METHOD OF CENSUS TAKING
De jure - this
technique is the
counting of
people according
to the permanent
place of
residence.
De facto - this
approach is
counting persons
''where they are
present at the
time of the
census period''

16. Salient
features of
census
A census has the following features :
1.A census is usually conducted after an interval of 10 years.
2.The census covers the entire country or a part of it.
3.The census operations are completed within specified
dates.
4.It is organized and conducted by the Government through
the Census Commission of the country.
5.For conducting the census a reference period is determined
by the Census Commission at that point of time.

17. Salient
features
continued....
6.A household or family is treated as a unit. However in large
census operations, migrant individuals and homeless persons
are also enumerated at night at their places of rest or sleep.
7.Before starting the census operations, some preliminary steps are
taken by the Census Commission such as preparation of
schedules, lists of households in each area, training of
enumerators, etc.
8.The filled up census schedules are collected, examined and
analyzed statistically by the Census Commission.
9.The census data are published for circulation.
.

18. Salient
features
continued...
10.The census operations involve collection of information from
households from door to door by enumerators. In some countries,
schedules are sent by post and the required information is
collected.
11.A census is a process whereby information is collected relating to
age, sex, marital status, occupation, education etc. from people
residing in a country.
12.Every country is legally bound to undertake a census after an interval
of 10 years and people are bound to cooperate and provide the
13.required information .

19. USES OF CENSUS
Population census is very useful for researchers, administrators, social
organizations, etc.
1.It provides primary population data relating to age, sex, marital status,
economic activities, occupations, migration, literacy, etc.
2.Population data throw light on the socio-economic problems of the country
such as the status of women, male-female sex ratio, population density, literacy
level, urbanization, living standards, etc.

20. USES OF CENSUS….
3.These data help researchers, administrators, planners and social organizations
to suggest and adopt measures to solve the various problems.
4.Census data are used for constructing life tables by insurance companies.
5.They are highly useful for making population projections.
6.Census data are used for carrying out sample surveys.
7.They are used by the Election Commission of the country for demarcation of
constituencies and allocation of seats for municipal corporations, state legislatures
and parliament of the country.

21. USES CONTINUED...
8.Population data are one of the bases of allocation of resources between the
centre and states in a federal country.
9.They guide the city planners in planning measures for the future growth of
cities regarding their future needs relating to housing, transport, flyovers,
sanitation, pollution, water, educational institutions, etc.
10.Population projections and age-sex structure of the population help the
government in estimating for the future military personnel of the
country.

22. SOME PROBLEMS OF CENSUS
Census operations are costly in terms of men, materials and money.
They require huge manpower, piles of forms containing schedules and lot of
money on them and on processing, preparing and publishing population data. The
entire census work is also very time consuming.
Besides, there are some other problems listed below:
1.Census is not a continuous process and is usually conducted after 10 years. So
this is an ad hoc work which requires the training of census staff before each
census. Thus experienced staff is not available.

23. SOME PROBLEMS OF CENSUS…
2.The enumerators often interpret the terms used in the schedules in their own way
despite the guidelines supplied to them by the Census Commission.
3.In the census operations, the enumerators are required to go from door to door to
collect information.
This work is not only time consuming but also monotonous. Some enumerators who
shirk work and are dishonest fill up the schedules with cooked up figures sitting at
home.
3.Often many persons are reluctant to provide correct information for fear that it may be
used for some other purposes.

24. PROBLEM OF CENSUS CONTINUED...
This happens if the household is illiterate or the enumerator is not able to convince the
former that the entire information is kept secret by law.
4.The household schedule pertaining to the census does not have any column about
the number of family members who might have gone abroad.
5.In many developing countries, the column in the household schedule relating to age is
based on age groups 1-5, 6-10, etc. thereby leaving a wide gap of 5 years. This creates a
problem for the enumerator to fill up the age column which becomes a mere guess work.
This is a defective method because age- specific information cannot be collected. In India
and developed countries, age at the last birth in completed years is taken.

25. 2. REGISTRATION OF VITAL EVENTS (RECORDS)
 Vital registration or civil registration systems record demographic events
such as births, deaths, deaths (including cause of death), marriage, divorce
and population movements (vital statistics).
 Unlike census that describe the state of the population at a fixed point in
a time, vital statistics are collected on a continuous basis.

26. VITAL REGISTRATION CONTINUED...
 Another source of population data is the registration of life or vital statistics.
Every person is required by law to register with a specified authority such
demographic events as birth, death, marriage, divorce, etc. Unlike the census,
registration of vital events is a continuous process throughout the year.
 It is an important source of information about citizenship, marital status,
succession rights and settlement of disputes regarding birth and death.

27. IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF A VITAL REGISTRATION SYSTEM
1.Universal coverage: a vital statistics should include all vital events occurring in
every geographic area and in every population group comprising the national area.
2.Continuity: continuity is important to insure that short term fluctuations including
seasonal movements, as well as long term movements will be accounted for.
3.Confidentiality: it is important to safeguard confidentiality of personal information
and vital records to insure that use of information and data for specific
administrative and statistical purposes is consistent with the intended uses of
records.

28. IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF A VITAL REGISTRATION SYSTEM...
4.Regular dissemination: the minimum requirements for using vital statistics should
include:
(a)the provision of monthly and quarterly summary
(b)the production of detailed annual tabulations of each type of vital events across
classified by its demographic and socio-economic characteristics.

29. FOUR SOURCES OF VITAL REGISTRATION
(1)Vital Registration
(2)Population Register
(3)Other Records, and
(4)International Publications

30. 1.Vital registration
Recording of vital events (or vital statistics) like births, deaths, marriages, divorces, etc. is obligatory on the
part of every citizen in a country. For instance, the birth of a child has got to be registered with the
municipal corporation of the town where the child is born in India. Similarly, the occurrence of a death is
required to be registered.
Such registration involves the filling up of a proforma with the following columns in each case:
Birth Certificate:
Name
Father’s Name
Mother’s Name
Age of Father
Age of Mother
Legitimacy

31. Vital reg continued...
Death Certificate:
Name of the deceased
date of death
Sex
Race/caste
age of the deceased
place of death
cause of death
Occupation
marital status
permanent residence

32. Vital reg continued...
In developed countries and in many developing countries, registration of marriage is also
compulsory. But it is not so in India. Very few people want to register marriages with the
Registrar of Marriages in developing countries like India. Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri
Lanka.
Similarly, in almost all the developing countries where the majority of people are illiterate
and reside in rural areas, births and deaths are not reported to the registration
authorities.
Thus the registration records remain incomplete and are imperfect source of demographic
data. But this is not the case in developed countries where people are educated and record
births, deaths, marriages, divorces, etc. with the appropriate authorities.

33. 2. POPULATION REGISTER:
 This is another secondary source of collecting population data. A number of
European and Asian countries like Belgium, Sweden, Korea, Israel, etc.
maintain permanent population register for administrative and legal
purposes.
 It contains the names, addresses, age, sex, etc. of every citizen, of those who
migrate to other countries and who enter the country. The population registers
helps in verifying the correctness of the census figures for that year.

34. 3. OTHER
RECORDS
 Besides the population register, there are other records which are secondary sources
of demographic data in developed countries. They maintain population records to
meet social security schemes like unemployment insurance and allowance, old
age pension, maternity allowance, etc.
 In some countries, insurance companies maintain life tables relating to births and
deaths and population trends. Selective demographic data are also available from
electoral lists, income tax payers’ lists, telephone subscribers’ lists, etc. Though such
administrative data are limited, they are helpful in providing for carrying out sample
surveys

35. 4. INTERNATIONAL
PUBLICATIONS
Other sources of demographic data for the world and different countries are the
United Nations Demographic Year Book and Statistical Year Book.
The World Health Organization (WHO) publishes a monthly journal Epidemiological
and Vital Records which gives data on public health and mortality of different
countries.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its Human Development
Report and the World Bank in its World Development Report publish annually
demographic data relating to population growth, projections, fertility, mortality,
health, etc. for countries of the world.

36. 3. REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE SURVEY
 Sample survey is another source of collecting population data. In a sample survey,
information is collected from a sample of individuals rather than from the entire
population.
A sample consists of only a fraction of the total population. Several different
population samples can be drawn on the basis of sample surveys such as the number
of abortions, contraceptives used, etc. for the study of fertility.

37. 3. REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE SURVEY…
 Some countries conduct national sample surveys based on Random Sampling or
Stratified Random Sampling.
Whatever method is adopted, care should be taken to select a representative sample
of the total population.
The survey of the sample requires a small trained staff and small questionnaires
relating to one aspect of the population. The data so collected are tabulated, analyzed
and published.

38. SAMPLE
SURVEY
CONTINUED...
So this method takes less time and is less costly.
 Sample survey can be used to supplement the census data
and to carry out further the trends in population growth in
between two census operations.
 Sampling is also used to check the accuracy of the census data
where there is doubt in census results.
This method yields good results if the sample is properly chosen.
A Representative data source allow the user to draw generalized
conclusions.

39. Limitations of sample survey
1.It is highly subjective and it is possible to arrive at different data with different
samples of the same population.
2.There are bound to be errors in coverage, classification and sampling of
population data.
3.As the survey requires many surveyors who may not be efficient and sincere, it
is subject to large errors.
4.If the informants in the sample do not cooperate with the surveyors, the
5.survey will not give accurate results.

40. Major source of demographic data
CENSUS
VITAL
EVENTS
SAMPLE
SURVEY
The 3 major source of demographic data in diagram

41. 4
DYNAMICS OF
POPULATION
CHANGE AND
THEIR
IMPLICATION
ON
POPULATION
SIZE
Population dynamics is the type of mathematics used to
model and study the size and age composition of populations
as dynamical systems.
 It involves the analysis of factors such as birth, death,
immigration, and emigration that affect the changes in
population size and structure over time.
 Population dynamics can also describe the sequence of
population changes characteristic of a particular organism. For
example, population dynamics can help us understand how a
species adapts to its environment, how it interacts with other
species, and how it responds to human interventions

42. POP DYNAMIC
CONTINUED...
 Population dynamics can also be used to study the variation and
distribution of populations in space and time.
For example, population dynamics can help us understand how
populations respond to environmental changes, such as climate
change, habitat loss, or invasive species.
 Population dynamics can also help us to predict the future
trends of populations, such as their growth rate, carrying
capacity, or extinction risk.
 Population dynamics can also help us to manage the
conservation and exploitation of natural resources, such as
fisheries, forests, or wildlife

43. POP DYNAMIC
CONTINUED...
Some examples of population dynamics are:
 The bee populationdynamics depend on factors such as food availability,
disease, predators, and human activities. Population dynamics can help us monitor
the health and productivity of bee colonies, and their role in pollination and
ecosystem services
 The ant population dynamics are influenced by factors such as colony size,
social structure, competition, and mutualism. Population dynamics can help us
understand the complex behaviors and interactions of ants, and their impact on
soil formation and nutrient cycling4
 The owl population dynamics are affected by factors such as prey abundance,
habitat quality, weather, and human disturbance. Population dynamics can help us
assess the status and threats of owl species, and their role in regulating rodent
populations and biodiversity

44. The concept of
population dynamics
The concept of population dynamics is the study of how
and why the size and structure of populations change
over time and space.
Population dynamics is influenced by factors such as birth,
death, immigration, and emigration rates, as well as by
interactions with other populations and the environment.
Population dynamics can help us understand the
ecology, evolution, and conservation of species.

45. POPULATION
DYNAMICS
MODELS
 Population dynamics can be described by mathematical models
that capture the essential features of population growth and
regulation. Some common models are:
The exponential model, which assumes that the population grows
at a constant rate in an unlimited environment.
The population size increases exponentially over time, forming a
J-shaped curve on a graph.

46. The logistic model, which assumes that the population growth is limited by a
carrying capacity, which is the maximum number of individuals that the
environment can support. The population size increases rapidly at first, then slows
down and levels off at the carrying capacity, forming an S-shaped curve on a graph.
The predator-prey model, which assumes that the population growth of two species
depends on their interactions as predators and prey.
The population sizes of both species oscillate over time, forming cycles on a
graph.

47. The
''dynamics of
population
change'‘ and
their'
implication on
population size''

The dynamics of population change refers to how the
population size and structure change over time and space
due to various factors. These factors include:
 Births and deaths, which affect the natural increase or
decrease of the population.
The difference between the number of births and deaths is
called the natural change or natural balance of the
population.

48. The ''dynamics
of population
change'‘ and
their' implication
on population
size'‘…..

Immigration and emigration, which affect the net migration of
the population.
The difference between the number of immigrants (people who
enter a country) and emigrants (people who leave a country) is
called the net migration or migratory balance of the
population.
 Social, economic, and political factors, which influence the
birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates of the population.
These factors include education, health care, lifestyle, income,
employment, security, culture, religion, and policies

49. BIRTH
AND
DEATH
IMMIGRATION
AND
EMMIGRATION
SOCIAL,
ECOCOMIC AND
POLITICAL
FACTOR
the dynamics
of population
change and
their
implication on
population size
Diagrammatic description of how population dynamics change implicate on population size and structure
Look at !!!

50. POP
DYNAMICS
CONTINUED...
 The dynamics of population change have implications
for the population size and structure. For example:
If the birth rate is higher than the death rate, and/or if the
immigration rate is higher than the emigration rate, the
population size will increase.
Conversely, if the birth rate is lower than the death rate,
and/or if the immigration rate is lower than the emigration
rate, the population size will decrease.

51. Pop dynamics
continued...
If the birth rate is high and/or if the death rate is low, the
population structure will have a large proportion of young people.
Conversely, if the birth rate is low and/or if the death rate is
high, the population structure will have a large proportion of old
people.
If the immigration rate is high and/or if the emigration rate is low,
the population structure will have a large proportion of foreign-
born people.
Conversely, if the immigration rate is low and/or if the emigration
rate is high, the population structure will have a large proportion
of native-born people.

52. 5
THEORIES OF
POPULATION
Theories of population are ideas that try to explain
how and why human population changes over time
and space.

53. THERE ARE SEVERAL THEORIES OF POPULATION
1)Malthusian theory
2)Boserupian theory
3)The Demographic Transition Theory
4)Optimum theory of population

54. 1). MALTHUSIAN THEORY
The Theory developed by Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
This theory reflect pessimistic ideas about population growth.
The core principle of Malthus was that food is necessary for human existence.
 Human population tend to grow faster than the power in the earth to
produce subsistence. Growth of available resource is linear while population
growth is often non-linear (geometric).
(1)Population grow at a geometric rate i.e. 1,2,4,16,32, etc.....
(2)Food production increase at an arithmetic rate i.e. 1,2,3,4,etc....

55. TWO POPULATION ''CHECKS'' TO LIMIT
POPULATION GROWTH
1)Preventive check (moral restrain) - marrying at
later age, abstaining from sexual intercourse,
abortion and homosexuality etc, lower birth rate
2)Positive check – famine, war, disease, would
include the death rate

56. 2). BOSERUPIAN THEORIES
The Theory developed by Ester Boserup (1910 – 1999), a Danish economist
This theory reflect Optimistic ideas about population growth
 Boserup's basic premise is that extra people do more work and bring more thought to
bear on human problems.
 Mankind's limitless inventiveness is brought to bear, solving problem as they arise
In contrast to Malthus it emphasized positive aspect of large population.

57. BOSERUPIAN
THEORIES IN
DIAGRAM
Population
increase
Increased
demand for
food
More food
Continued
population
growth
Improved
agricultural
productivity

Boserupian theories that population growth cycle lead to growth in diagram

58. 3). DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY (DTT)
The DTT refers to the impact of economic development on birth and death rate
Demographic transition is a model of population growth based on historical, social, and
economic development of Europe and North America.
This model shows population change over time.
It explains the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rate to low birth
and death rates.

59. STAGE 1
A period of high birth and high death rates and pre-industrial agrarian economy
Period of hunting and gathering
Pre-modern
Pre-industrial
Low growth of population
Most of human history spent during this stage The RNI is essentially zero
There is no country still in stage 1

60. Reasons for high birth and death rate
Reasons for high birth rate
Low birth control and family planning
High infant mortality rate
Children are seen as future source of income/need to work in land
Children seen as a sign of strength
Some beliefs/religions oe culture tradition encourage large families

61. Reasons continued...
Reasons for high death rate
High incidence of of disease (cholera, kwashiorkor)
Poor nutrition
Poor hygiene
Inadequate health facilities

62. STAGE 2






STAGE 2
STAGE 2 ( TRANSITIONAL STAGE) -
Early industrial
It is a period of high birth rate but falling
death rate.
High growth/rapid growth of population
Crude birth rate(CBR) remains the same
as in stage 1.
Reasons for declining death rate
Industrial revolution begin in 20th century
Improved public health, sanitation, water
supply and vaccination.
Improved transport
Lower child mortality
Population growth is rapid
Currently most developing country are in
here

63. STAGE 2






STAGE 3
It is a period of falling birth rate (sudden
drop) and continuing
falling death rate
Reasons for falling birth rate
Changing socio economic condition
Greater education access to women
Preference for smaller families and
hating of large family
Increased personal wealth
Compulsory schooling which can be
expensive
Less pressure to have children
Using of family planning system like
family planning guidance, contraceptives,
abortions, sterilization and etc..

64. STAGE 2






STAGE 4
A period of low birth rate and low death
rate
Population growth is small and fertility
continues to fall/low growth
The CBR = CDR
Zero population growth
Low TFR (1) Tertiary (service-based)
societies (2) post-industrial stage


Reason for the low level -
There is significant change in personal life
style
More women in work space
High personal income and more leisure
interests

65. STAGE 2






STAGE 5
A period during which the death rate
slightly exceeds the birth rate causing
population decline
Declining Population/Negative Growth
Reasons for decline of population
A rise in individualism

Greater financial independence of women
Concern over the population- resource
An increase in non – traditional lifestyle
A rise in the ideas of childlessness

66. 6
POPULATION
POLICIES
Population policies is a deliberate government influence
about population growth and distribution involve a wide
range of decisions and actions by government, both direct
and indirect, which influence individual and family
decisions regarding marriage and childbearing, working
arrangements, place of residents, etc

67. 6
POPULATION
POLICIES
…
Population policies are the statement of law or regulations
enacted to some demographic goals.
They are a deliberate effort by the government to influence
demographic factors like fertility, mortality, and migration
The ultimate goal of the population policy is to influence
population size, composition, distribution, and growth.

68. Type of Population Policy
The two major type of population policies are
I.Pro-Natalist (populationist)
II.Anti-Natalist

70. THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF POPULATION POLICIES
 Pro-natalist
 Anti-natalist
 Immigration Policies

71. 1). PRO-NATALIST
 A pro-natalist policy is a policy that encourages people to have more
children.
It is usually implemented in countries with low or negative population
growth or aging populations.
Some examples of pro-natalist policies are offering financial incentives,
providing health care and education benefits, promoting family values and
reducing abortion and contraception access

72. Pronatalist continued....
These policies aim to increase the population size by increasing the fertility rate.
 They are usually implemented in countries with an aging population or a small population
size.
Some examples of pro-natalist policies are:
 Offering financial incentives or benefits for having more children, such as tax breaks, child
allowances, paid maternity leave, etc.
Providing free or subsidized health care and education for children and mothers.
Promoting family values and larger families through propaganda and media campaigns.
Reducing or banning abortion and contraception access.

73. 2). ANT-NATALIST
Anti-Natalist is a policy that discourages people from having more children.
 It is usually implemented in countries with high population growth or limited
resources.
Some examples of anti-natalist policies are imposing penalties, providing
family planning services, educating people about the benefits of smaller
families and enforcing strict birth control measures.
An anti-natalist policy is the opposite of a pro-natalist policy, which
encourages people to have more children

74. ANTI-NATALIST CONTINUED...
These policies aim to decrease the population size by decreasing the fertility rate.
They are usually implemented in countries with high population growth or limited
resources.
Some examples of anti-natalist policies are:
Imposing legal or economic penalties for having more children, such as fines, taxes, quotas,
Providing free or low-cost family planning services and contraceptives.
Educating people about the benefits of smaller families and reproductive health.
Enforcing strict birth control measures, such as sterilization or one-child policy.

75. 3). IMMIGRATION POLICIES
Immigration policies are policies that deal with the movement of people across
borders, either to encourage or discourage immigration.
They are usually implemented in countries with labor shortages or surpluses, or
to address social and cultural issues.
Some examples of immigration policies are allowing or restricting immigration based on
criteria such as skills, education, nationality, religion, etc.,

76. IMMIGRATION POLICIES CONTINUED....
offering citizenship or residency rights to immigrants who meet certain requirements,
providing humanitarian assistance or asylum to refugees and migrants who flee from war,
persecution, etc., deporting or detaining illegal immigrants who violate immigration laws or
pose security threats
These policies aim to regulate the movement of people across borders, either to
encourage or discourage immigration.
They are usually implemented in countries with labor shortages or surpluses, or to address
social and cultural issues.

77. IMMIGRATION POLICIES CONTINUED....
Some examples of immigration policies are:
Allowing or restricting immigration based on criteria such as skills, education, nationality,
religion, etc.
 Offering citizenship or residency rights to immigrants who meet certain requirements,
such as language proficiency, integration, etc.
Providing humanitarian assistance or asylum to refugees and migrants who flee from war,
persecution, etc.
Deporting or detaining illegal immigrants who violate immigration laws or pose security
threats.