Porifera-Introduction-to-Zoology-and-Botany

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1. SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS

2. Phylum: Porifera

3. Learning Objectives: Define sponge. Explain sponge’s essential functions. Describe sponge’s ecology.

4. Sponge Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera Classes: Calcarea Demospongiae Hexactinellida Homoscleromorpha ♱Archaeocyatha ♱Heteractinida ♱Stromatoporoidea

5. What are Sponges? Simple aquatic invertebrates that are very different from other animals: Some species of sponges have a fossil record that dates back approximately 600 million years.

6. Appearance Sponges come in many colors, shapes, and sizes, and are often mistaken for plants. They have tube-like bodies full of pores and channels.

7. Structure Sponges have dense, yet porous skeletons, and are made up of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.

8. Function Sponges are filter feeders that get food and oxygen from ocean currents flowing through their bodies. They have no nervous system, digestive system, or circulatory system.

9. Breaks off the parent Settle to the sea floor Grows into a new sponge

10. Ecology Sponges are important to the ecology of coral reefs and deep-sea environments in many ways, including: Habitat Food Nutrient cycling Water filtration Protection Biodiversity Deep-sea habitats

11. Ecology Sponges are sessile organisms, so they can't flee from predators.

12. Sponges- usually live attached to the sea floor, where they are often meters away from the water surface and receive only low levels of filtered sunlight. Question: How do the organisms within the sponges get enough light to carry out photosynthesis?

13. Answer: It is because of the spicules of the sponges. Spicules of some sponges look like cross-shaped antennae, like a magnifying glass (they focus on the direct incoming sunlight to the cells lying below the surface of the sponge where symbiotic organisms carry out photosynthesis).

14. Bernie Ernie

15. Phylum: Cnidaria

16. Learning Objectives: Define cnidaria. Explain cnidarian’s essential functions. Describe cnidarian’s ecology.

17. What are Cnidarians? Soft-bodied, carnivorous animals that have stinging tentacles arrange in circle around their mouths. Cnidarians get their names from the cnidocytes( a stinging cell), these are located along their tentacles.

18. Bell-shaped body Mouth points downward Common to both: Body wall Tentacles Gastrovascular cavity Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoglea Cylindrical body Mouth points upward

19. Feeding

20. Response

21. Response

22. Cnidarian Groups Jellyfishes Hydras and their relatives Sea Anemones

23. Class : Scyphozoa “cup animal” Type : Medusa Reproduction : Sexually The largest ever found jelly fish is almost 4 meters in diameter and had a tentacle more than 30 meters long. Like many marine organism, jellyfishes use bioluminescence to ward off predators and communicate with other animals. The entire body of the jellyfish becomes bioluminescent when it is threatened. Produce bright flashes to startle predators. Jellyfishes

24. Class : Hydrozoa Type: live most of their lives as Polyp Reproduction : Asexually, budding, or sexually by producing eggs and sperm in the body wall. Sting prey and humans using nematocyst. Hydrozoans grow in branching colonies that sometimes extend more than a meter. Hydras differ from other Cnidarians in this class because they lack a medusa stage. Like some other cnidarians, many hydras get their nutrition from symbiotic, photosynthetic protists living within their tissues. S iphonophores can produce a chain of light or release thousands of glowing particles into the water as a mimic of small plankton to confuse the predator. Hydras and their Relatives

25. Class : Anthozoa “flower animal” Stage : only Polyp in their life cycle Reproduction : sexually, asexually, budding. Or splitting into two halves Many coral colonies growing near one another produce the magnificent structures known as Coral reefs. Most Coral are colonial, and their polyps grow together in large number. As the colony grows, they secrete an underlying skeleton of calcium carbonates or limestone. Sea anemones and Corals

26. The “stony” or “hard” corals that build coral reefs requires high levels of light. Question : Why should light be a requirement for an animal? Ecology of Corals Answer : Light is necessary because these corals rely on symbioses with algae that capture solar energy, recycle, nutrients, and help corals lay down their calcium carbonate skeletons.

27. Under normal conditions, algae live within coral tissues, carrying out photosynthesis and given the coral its green appearance. However, when stressed by pollutants or changing temperature, these algae can die, so only clear cells of the coral remains. Question: What effect might the loss of symbiotic algae have on the coral? Ecology of Corals

28. Ecology of Corals Ecology of Corals Answer: Without the algae, the coral loses its major source of food, turns white or very pale, and is more susceptible to disease.

29. Human Activities; Logging Farming Mining Constructions Overfishing Chemicals; Chemical fertilizers Insecticides And Industrial Pollutants Human activity & Natural Phenomena Coral Bleaching Slowly killing corals

30. Do you have Any Questions?