Poroscopy and edgeoscopy

POROSCOPY AND EDGEOSCOPY

1. POROSCOPY AND EDGEOSCOPY Kiran Malik

2. In 1973 the identification community in north A merica embraced a new standard for friction ridge identification . Fingerprint expert using three levels of detail evaluate the worth of the friction ridge formation. LEVELS 1. Ridge flow 2. G alton detail 3. Poroscopy and Edgeoscopy

3. RIDGE FLOW ,GALTON DETAILS AND POROSCOPY AND EDGEOSCOPY Ridge Flow : It includes pattern type such as Loop, Arch, Whorl ,ridge count ,focal area such as Core, Delta , Orientation .Individualization and matching of print can not occur in this level. Ridge Path (Galton Detail ) : It is known as points. That includes Ridge ending ,Bifurcation , Short ridge, Dots ,Island etc. Individualization or matching the points can occur. Poroscopy and edgeoscopy : It is used by latent examiner and also used on regular basis .Shape of ridge edge and pore location and shape.

4. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

5. POROSCOPY Poroscopy is applied to a specialized study of pore structure found on papillary ridge of the skin means of identification. Papillary skin contains aevarage 2700 sweat gland per square inch . Each sweat open in duct on to ridge surface . An opening of the ridge surface called pore ,which continuously excretes sweat. Friction ridges begin to form on the human fetus during 3 rd and 4 th month of fetal life.

6. POROSCOPY HISTORY Poroscopy is a method of personal identification through the comparison of sweat pores (present on finger ridge of palmer and planter surface ). The method was discovered and developed by EDMOND LOCARD in 1912 . Locard observed that like ridge characteristics the pores are also permanent , immutable and individual and useful to establish identity or otherwise of individuals when available ridge do not provide sufficient ridge characteristics. Case of boudet and simonin solved by Locard on the basis of impressions of pores in latent print.

7. Pore may open anywhere across the ridge surface ,but they are most often found near the midline. A pore near the edge in the exception. Pore may also open on the skin surface apart from the ridge with only single raised aperture. A single pore appear as a dot in fingerprint. Two or three pore structure /aperture fuse to form short ridge Poroscopy is the science in which study of pore structure found on papillary ridge on the skin. Microscopic nature of pores and they are not reproduced by ordinary physical methods of development. Poroscopy and edgeoscopyby elizabeth oliver

8. Why identification on the basis of pores not popular ? 1. Lack of sufficient and systemic data about the various aspects of sweat pores such as shape ,size ,position and interspacing frequency. 2.The sweat pores may not always appear in latent /inked impression and their microscopic nature attention to examine their detail and use them in identification purposes.

9. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plain and rolled inked were obtained on white plain sheet according to standard method of Henry Each individual were requested to place his palm on surface like paper, glazed tiles, glass sheet, painted doors and glazed metal surface of fridge etc. Features of pores were studied under a simple microscope with 50x magnification. www.anilagarwal.com vol 1

10. FEATURES OF PORES 1) Number of pores under 50x magnification ,average length of ridge under view was found about 0.5 cm average number of pores per cm of ridge was calculated . 2) Distance between pores (interspacing )spacing between pores was calculated on the basis of number of pores in per unit area .they are classified as : Pores with close interspacing where pores were lying very close to each other and more than 12 pores present on 1cm ridge length. Pores in groups with close interspacing pores lying in group of 2 or more than two number of pores on 1cm ridge length were classified.

11. Pores with distant interspacing number of pores present on 1cm ridge length ranged from 8 to 11 and space between pores are more. Pores with chain like formation pores are connected with each other making a chain like appearance and number interspacing present between two pores. 3. Size of pores size of pores divided as minute, medium, large. 4. Shape of pores on the same ridge was found on different shape rounded rhomboid elliptical square rectangular. 5. Position of pores on the ridge position of pores was determine by whether pore situated in centre periphery open type closed.

12. Medium size pores Large size ,open pores Minute size pores

13. Square shape pore Elliptical shape pore Rhomboid shape pore

14. FACTORS AFFECTING PORES STUDY Consistency of ink ,Type of surface holding the ink, Accumulation of debris on the paper, Ink spread on a sponge when placed on paper, Amount on pressure. FACTORS WHICH HAVE RESPONSIBLE FOR CHANGE OF PORES Human ,outside ,biological ,temporary factors Dirt on the surface, minor cuts ,abrasions slight. Mental conditions at the time of offence, sweating weather conditions such as temperature ,humidity. Cool conditions make the skin expand.

15. EDGEOSCOPY Edgeoscopy first came to light in 1962 with a paper by SALIL CHATTERJI of India Chatterji envisioned on identification process where characteristics along the ridge would be compare and evaluate for identification purpose . Edgeoscopy is applied for study of characteristics formed by the sides or edges of papillary ridges. They begin the apertures around the pores join together in to row forming ridge . The ridge have irregular edges and individualistic and unique as pore . Edgeoscopy is used as a basis of identification without ridge formation .

16. PROBLEMS IN EDGEOSCOPY Inked impression of adequate quality for comparison and difficult task of comparing .Many other characteristics which can difficult the practical study of edgeoscopy. Technique and pressure distortion also create problems . Any characteristics appear more than one print made by same finger . POROSCOPY AND EDGEOSCOPY BY ELIZABETH OLIVER CLPE

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF RIDGE EDGES Straight Convex Edge Peak Table Pocket Concave Edge Angle Infinite RIDGEOSCOPY BY DAVID R.ASHBAUGH

18. CHARACTERISTICS Straight Ridge : A rea which is straight with minimal pressure will straight with increase pressure. Convex : Increase pressure the sides of features slowly filled in producing straight ridge. Table: Table are found with conjunct with pockets . Pocket : Pocket are easily visible and fairly consistent in appearance. pocket appear to be pore open to the surface at low pressure but with increasing pressure the surface of pore close together resulting enclosed pore and straight edge. RIDGEOSCOPY BY DAVID R.ASHBAUGH

19. SHAPE OF EDGES