Post colonialism

My presentation of Literary Theories and Criticism: Background and context Theory. In my presentation, i discuss the brief overview of the term 'PostColonialism'.

1. M.K.BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH M.Phil Sem : 1 Enrollment No: 2069112220170001 Paper No : 2 Literary Theories and Criticism: Background and context Theory Sub : Postcolonialism Presented by : B humi Joshi

2. Index : 1. What is colonialism ? 2. What is post colonialism ? 3. Importance of this term 4. Thinkers 5. Foundational Works 6. Examples

3.   Colonialism : The word colonialism comes from the Roman word  "Colonia"  which means "farm" or "Settlement "  and referred to Romans who settled in other lands but still retained their citizenship. Accordingly the Oxford English Dictionary .... A settlement in a new country.......A body of people who settle in a new locality , forming a community subjects to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed ,consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors , as long as the connection with parent state is kept up.

4.           Colonialism and Imperialism are often used interchangeably. It creates the most complex and traumatic relationships in human society. Colonialism can be defined as conquest and control of other people's lands and goods. Effect of Colonialism :

5. Postcolonialism : Postcolonialism is an academic discipline and theoretical structure that analyzes, explains, and responds to the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism. It speaks about the human consequences of external control and economic exploitation of native people and their lands. New perspective to look Rejects the dominant western way of seeing and superiority of western culture.

6. The reality through is that world today is a world of inequality and much of different falls across the broad division between people of the waste and those of the non-waste. Postcolonialism is about changing world . A world that has been changed by struggle .   It disturbs the order of the world . It is all about  language and power and identity crisis. It threatens , privilege and power re-forces to acknowledge the superiority of the western culture. Its radical agenda is to demand equality and well being for all human beings on this earth.

7. Postcolonialism also examines the effects of colonial rule on the cultural aspects of the colony and its treatment of .......   "Women are split subjects who watch themselves being watched by men because femininity itself is defined by being gazed upon by men. "  

8. . Postcolonialism address the politics of knowledge. The postcolonial identity of a decolonised people, which derives from: The coloniser's generation of cultural knowledge about the colonised people. (2) How that Western cultural knowledge was applied to subjugate a non–European people. Non western lost their language , identity and culture. "The Third World"   is seen as world define entirely by its relations to colonialisation.

9. Frantz Fanon The psychiatrist and philosopher Imposition of a subjugating colonial identity —are harmful to the mental health of the native peoples who were subjugated into colonies. Dehumanization is achieved with physical and mental violence, by which the colonist means to inculcate a servile mentality upon the natives.

10. Edward Said Born : November 1, 1935, Jerusalem, Palestine [now Israel] Died : September 24, 2003, New York City, New York, USA Was a professor of literature at Columbia University A public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies. The Most famous ideas about Occidentalism, Orientalism, the Other are given by him.

11. “You cannot continue to victimize someone else just because you yourself were a victim once—there has to be a limit”    Edward Said

12. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak : An Indian  scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic. Spivak also introduced the terms  essentialism  and  strategic essentialism  to describe the social functions of Postcolonialism . “Can Subaltern Speak ??” is the prominent work to study Postcolonialism.

13. In establishing the Postcolonial definition of the term  Subaltern , the philosopher and theoretician  Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak  cautioned against assigning an over-broad connotation; that: “ . . .  subaltern  is not just a classy word for "oppressed", for The Other, for somebody who's not getting a piece of the pie. . . . In postcolonial terms, everything that has limited or no access to the cultural imperialism is subaltern—a space of difference. Now, who would say that's just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It's not  subaltern . . . . Many people want to claim subalternity. They are the least interesting and the most dangerous. I mean, just by being a discriminated-against minority on the university campus; they don't need the word 'subaltern' . . . They should see what the mechanics of the discrimination are. They're within the hegemonic discourse, wanting a piece of the pie, and not being allowed, so let them speak, use the hegemonic discourse. They should not call themselves subaltern.” ( —  Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: New Nation Writers Conference in South Africa (1992)  )

14. Conceptually, epistemic violence specifically relates to women, whereby the "Subaltern [woman] must always be caught in translation, never [allowed to be] truly expressing herself", because the colonial power's destruction of her culture pushed to the social margins her non–Western ways of perceiving, understanding, and knowing the world.

15. Homi K. Bhabha Born : 1949  Mumbai Nationality : American, Indian Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Centre at Harvard University.  Nation and narration

16. In  The Location of Culture  (1994), the theoretician Homi K. Bhabha argued that viewing the human world as composed of separate and unequal cultures, rather than as an integral human world, perpetuates the belief in the existence of imaginary peoples and places—"Christendom" and " The Islamic World", "The First World", "The Second World", and "The Third World" .

17. Dipesh Chakrabarty In  Provincializing Europe  (2000), Dipesh Chakrabarty charted the subaltern history of the Indian struggle for independence, and countered Eurocentric, Western scholarship about non-Western peoples and cultures, by proposing that Western Europe simply be considered as culturally equal to the other cultures of the world, that is, as "one region among many" in human geography.

18. Foundational works :

19. Examples of Texts :

20. Other Examples :

21. Gayatri Spivak telescopes this dynamic into a pitchy sentence :   "White men are saving brown women from brown man."

22. Thus, Postcolonialism establishes intellectual spaces for subaltern peoples to speak for themselves, in their own voices, and thus produce cultural discourses of philosophy, language, society and economy, balancing the imbalanced us-and-them binary power-relationship between the colonist and the colonial subjects.

23. Works Cited AniaLoomba .  Colonialism/Postcolonialism.  New York: ( Bohehmer ) Bohehmer , Elleke . "Postcolonialism." Waugh, Patricia. Literary Theory and Criticism. Oxford UNiversity Press, n.d . 341-355. Said, Edward. www.goodread.com. 18 Jan 2017 <http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/postcolonialism>. Wikipedia contributors. "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia , 15 Jan. 2017. Web. 25 Jan. 2017 Wikipedia contributors. "Edward Said."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia , 21 Jan. 2017. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. Wikipedia contributors. "Frantz Fanon."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia , 19 Jan. 2017. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. Wikipedia contributors. "Homi K. Bhabha."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia , 27 Sep. 2016. Web. 25 Jan. 2017