Post disaster mangement
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Oct 10, 2019
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About This Presentation
Disaster Management
Slide Content
POST DISASTER MANGEMENT
Gift Pon Lazarus D,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
MRIIRS, Faridabad.
Gift Pon Lazarus D,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
MRIIRS, Faridabad.
Post Disaster Definitions
•Response
•Decisions and actions taken during and after
disaster. This includes immediate relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction
•Recovery
•Activities that restore vital life support
systems to normalize operating standards and
long term activities that return life to normal
•Response
•Decisions and actions taken during and after
disaster. This includes immediate relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction
•Recovery
•Activities that restore vital life support
systems to normalize operating standards and
long term activities that return life to normal
•Relief and Rescue
•Time period immediately following the
disaster period
•Exceptional measures to save lives and care
for survivors (meet basic needs)
Distinction between rescue and relief
•rescue -> secure life
•relief -> sustain life
•Time period immediately following the
disaster period
•Exceptional measures to save lives and care
for survivors (meet basic needs)
Distinction between rescue and relief
•rescue -> secure life
•relief -> sustain life
•Rehabilitation
•After closure of the relief phase (no more
dependency for basic need satisfaction)
•Restoring mental and physical health and
stability of a community
•Instilling principles of sustainable livelihoods
•Empowering victims/survivors
•Should lead to BETTER developments
•After closure of the relief phase (no more
dependency for basic need satisfaction)
•Restoring mental and physical health and
stability of a community
•Instilling principles of sustainable livelihoods
•Empowering victims/survivors
•Should lead to BETTER developments
Important Characteristics of Response
Effective response to the impact of disaster is critical
mainly to:
•limit casualties,
•alleviate hardship and suffering,
•restore essential life support and community
systems,
•mitigate further damage and loss, and
•provide the foundation for subsequent recovery.
Effective response to the impact of disaster is critical
mainly to:
•limit casualties,
•alleviate hardship and suffering,
•restore essential life support and community
systems,
•mitigate further damage and loss, and
•provide the foundation for subsequent recovery.
Certain characteristics typically apply
to response effort.
•The type of disaster
•The severity and extent of disaster
•The ability to take pre-impact action
•The capability for sustained operations
•Identification of likely response requirements
to response effort.
•The type of disaster
•The severity and extent of disaster
•The ability to take pre-impact action
•The capability for sustained operations
•Identification of likely response requirements
Some Problem Areas in Response
•Background Factors
These may particularly apply to preparedness, for instance:
–lack of adequate policy direction,
–poor organization, and
–inadequate planning.
•Inadequate Preparedness
This can be caused by:
–plans becoming outdated,
–low standards of readiness on the part of resource
organizations,
–poor public awareness, and
–disaster of unexpected magnitude.
•Background Factors
These may particularly apply to preparedness, for instance:
–lack of adequate policy direction,
–poor organization, and
–inadequate planning.
•Inadequate Preparedness
This can be caused by:
–plans becoming outdated,
–low standards of readiness on the part of resource
organizations,
–poor public awareness, and
–disaster of unexpected magnitude.
•Warning Factors
These may include:
–inadequate warning lead time,
–errors in warning systems (e.g., radio broadcast stations) due to
effects of disaster impact, and
–failure of people to respond to warning.
•Slow Activation of the Response System
This may be due to:
–warning factors,
–poor system for activation,
–lack of functional readiness (e.g., in emergency operations
centers),
–lack of testing and exercising the response system, and
–coincidence with some national event ( e.g., national holiday).
These may include:
–inadequate warning lead time,
–errors in warning systems (e.g., radio broadcast stations) due to
effects of disaster impact, and
–failure of people to respond to warning.
•Slow Activation of the Response System
This may be due to:
–warning factors,
–poor system for activation,
–lack of functional readiness (e.g., in emergency operations
centers),
–lack of testing and exercising the response system, and
–coincidence with some national event ( e.g., national holiday).
•Effects of Impact and Crisis Pressure
These may include:
•disruption to or loss of communications,
•destruction or delayed availability of planned resources (e.g.,transport, relief
supplies),
•damage to key installations such as power supplies, emergency operations
centers, communications facilities,
•high damage levels generally, and
•loss of key personnel.
•Difficulties in Survey of Damage and Assessment of Needs
These may arise from:
•adverse weather conditions following disaster impact (e.g., postcyclonic low
cloud and heavy rain),
•lack of suitable aircraft for survey purpose,
•difficulties of ground survey (perhaps caused by problems of access and
movement),
•inadequate planning and preparation to cover this requirement, which has to
cover a number of detailed aspects, and loss of vehicles or vessels.
These may include:
•disruption to or loss of communications,
•destruction or delayed availability of planned resources (e.g.,transport, relief
supplies),
•damage to key installations such as power supplies, emergency operations
centers, communications facilities,
•high damage levels generally, and
•loss of key personnel.
•Difficulties in Survey of Damage and Assessment of Needs
These may arise from:
•adverse weather conditions following disaster impact (e.g., postcyclonic low
cloud and heavy rain),
•lack of suitable aircraft for survey purpose,
•difficulties of ground survey (perhaps caused by problems of access and
movement),
•inadequate planning and preparation to cover this requirement, which has to
cover a number of detailed aspects, and loss of vehicles or vessels.
•Poor Information Management
This may arise from a number of aspects, such as:
•gathering and collation of information,
•evaluation of information,
•decision making, and
•dissemination of decisions and information.
•Inadequate Relief Commodities
This may involve essential items, such as:
•food supplies,
•water supplies, and
•sheltermaterials(tents, tarpaulins, etc.)
This may arise from a number of aspects, such as:
•gathering and collation of information,
•evaluation of information,
•decision making, and
•dissemination of decisions and information.
•Inadequate Relief Commodities
This may involve essential items, such as:
•food supplies,
•water supplies, and
•sheltermaterials(tents, tarpaulins, etc.)
•Logistics Problems
These can be caused by shortage of air, sea, and land transport for the
distribution of relief supplies and other activities.
•Poor Coordination of Response Operations
This can result from problems involving
•information,
•duplication of effort,
•unwillingness of some private sector organizations to work within a
coordinating system, and
•inadequate training of personnel.
•Inadequate Public Awareness
This can cause various difficulties for disaster management authorities
•when dealing with the requirements of stricken communities,
especially if the
•latter do not understand local plans and arrangements.
These can be caused by shortage of air, sea, and land transport for the
distribution of relief supplies and other activities.
•Poor Coordination of Response Operations
This can result from problems involving
•information,
•duplication of effort,
•unwillingness of some private sector organizations to work within a
coordinating system, and
•inadequate training of personnel.
•Inadequate Public Awareness
This can cause various difficulties for disaster management authorities
•when dealing with the requirements of stricken communities,
especially if the
•latter do not understand local plans and arrangements.
•Problems with the Media
•If arrangements for dealing with the media are
inadequate or un satisfactory, this is likely to
cause problems for the disaster management
authorities.
•International Assistance
•Response operations may be adversely
affected if expected international assistance is
delayed, inadequate, or inappropriate. This
can arise if effective prior arrangements have
not been made with relevant overseas
agencies.
•If arrangements for dealing with the media are
inadequate or un satisfactory, this is likely to
cause problems for the disaster management
authorities.
•International Assistance
•Response operations may be adversely
affected if expected international assistance is
delayed, inadequate, or inappropriate. This
can arise if effective prior arrangements have
not been made with relevant overseas
agencies.
Requirements for Effective Response
•Wide international experience has shown that effective response
depends fundamentally on two factors:
• information and
• resources.
•Without these two vital components, the best plans, management
arrangements, expert staff, and so on become virtually useless.
–General Background of Preparedness
–Readiness of Resource Organizations
–Warning
–Evacuation
–Activation of the Response System
–Coordination of Response Operations
–Communications
–Information Management
–Major Emergency Response Aspects
–Allocation of Tasks
–International Assistance Resources
–Period of Response Operations
–Follow-on from Response Operations
•Wide international experience has shown that effective response
depends fundamentally on two factors:
• information and
• resources.
•Without these two vital components, the best plans, management
arrangements, expert staff, and so on become virtually useless.
–General Background of Preparedness
–Readiness of Resource Organizations
–Warning
–Evacuation
–Activation of the Response System
–Coordination of Response Operations
–Communications
–Information Management
–Major Emergency Response Aspects
–Allocation of Tasks
–International Assistance Resources
–Period of Response Operations
–Follow-on from Response Operations
Warning
This preliminary reaction might include:
•closing of schools, offices, and other public places;
•checking emergency power supplies and similar facilities;
•taking precautions in households to ensure supplies of food;
and drinking water.
It is reemphasized that preliminary reaction of this kind
usually needs to be planned beforehand and, where
necessary, the relevant information passed to disaster-
related organizations and the public.
This preliminary reaction might include:
•closing of schools, offices, and other public places;
•checking emergency power supplies and similar facilities;
•taking precautions in households to ensure supplies of food;
and drinking water.
It is reemphasized that preliminary reaction of this kind
usually needs to be planned beforehand and, where
necessary, the relevant information passed to disaster-
related organizations and the public.
Survey and Assessment
•It is virtually impossible to carry out effective response
operations without an accurate survey of damage and
consequent assessment of relief and other needs.
•To be fully effective, survey and assessment needs to
be carefully planned and organized beforehand. It
usually calls for:
–survey from the air,
–survey by field teams, and
–accurate reporting from disaster management and other
official
–authorities in or near the disaster area.
•It is virtually impossible to carry out effective response
operations without an accurate survey of damage and
consequent assessment of relief and other needs.
•To be fully effective, survey and assessment needs to
be carefully planned and organized beforehand. It
usually calls for:
–survey from the air,
–survey by field teams, and
–accurate reporting from disaster management and other
official
–authorities in or near the disaster area.
Information Management
•In the confused circumstances which tend to exist
following disaster impact, it is not easy to obtain
accurate and complete information.
•However, without accurate and comprehensive
information, it is difficult to ensure that response
operations are focused on the correct tasks, in the right
order of priority
•acquisition of information,
•information assessment,
•decision making, and
•dissemination of decisions and information.
•In the confused circumstances which tend to exist
following disaster impact, it is not easy to obtain
accurate and complete information.
•However, without accurate and comprehensive
information, it is difficult to ensure that response
operations are focused on the correct tasks, in the right
order of priority
•acquisition of information,
•information assessment,
•decision making, and
•dissemination of decisions and information.
Major Emergency Response Aspects
–Rescue
–Treatment and care of victims
–Evacuation
–Shelter
–Food
–Communications
–Clearance and access
–Water and power supplies
–Temporary subsistence supplies
–Health and sanitation
–Public Information
–Security
–Construction requirements
–Disaster welfare inquiry
–Other requirements
–Rescue
–Treatment and care of victims
–Evacuation
–Shelter
–Food
–Communications
–Clearance and access
–Water and power supplies
–Temporary subsistence supplies
–Health and sanitation
–Public Information
–Security
–Construction requirements
–Disaster welfare inquiry
–Other requirements
Allocation of Tasks
•If planning and preparedness have been properly
carried out, the majority of response tasks, as outlined
in the foregoing paragraph, will have been designated
beforehand to appropriate government departments
and other resource organizations. For instance:
–Public works department to undertake debris clearance
tasks, etc.
–Medical and health department to implement health and
sanitation measures.
–Police to maintain law and order, and to assist with
control of people and vehicles around the disaster area.
–Red Cross to carry out first aid and other emergency
welfare assistance.
•If planning and preparedness have been properly
carried out, the majority of response tasks, as outlined
in the foregoing paragraph, will have been designated
beforehand to appropriate government departments
and other resource organizations. For instance:
–Public works department to undertake debris clearance
tasks, etc.
–Medical and health department to implement health and
sanitation measures.
–Police to maintain law and order, and to assist with
control of people and vehicles around the disaster area.
–Red Cross to carry out first aid and other emergency
welfare assistance.
Availability of Relief Supplies and
Commodities
•The ready availability of relief supplies and
commodities is an important factor in
effective response.
•After disaster impact, there is usually an
urgent need to provide and distribute:
•food,
•drinking water,
•clothing,
•shelter materials, and
•medical supplies and assistance.
Commodities
•The ready availability of relief supplies and
commodities is an important factor in
effective response.
•After disaster impact, there is usually an
urgent need to provide and distribute:
•food,
•drinking water,
•clothing,
•shelter materials, and
•medical supplies and assistance.
Pattern of Response Management
Resource management depends on four major factors:
–A capable EOC system;
–A good information picture;
–Effective communication between the disaster
management and individual resource organizations; and
–Sensible commitment of resource organizations to
operational tasks, bearing in mind their capability and
durability.
Continuously assessing the situation in terms of:
–tasks completed
–tasks needing to be undertaken,
–resources available,
–possible reinforcement by additional resources, etc.
Resource management depends on four major factors:
–A capable EOC system;
–A good information picture;
–Effective communication between the disaster
management and individual resource organizations; and
–Sensible commitment of resource organizations to
operational tasks, bearing in mind their capability and
durability.
Continuously assessing the situation in terms of:
–tasks completed
–tasks needing to be undertaken,
–resources available,
–possible reinforcement by additional resources, etc.
Follow-on from Response Operations
•To encounter the initial effects of disaster
impact as rapidly and effectively as possible;
–To use all suitable resources in a coordinated
manner;
–To provide urgent needs to stricken communities;
and
–To rehabilitate, as far as possible, those facilities
and systems which are of priority importance to
the functioning of the national system and way of
life.
•To encounter the initial effects of disaster
impact as rapidly and effectively as possible;
–To use all suitable resources in a coordinated
manner;
–To provide urgent needs to stricken communities;
and
–To rehabilitate, as far as possible, those facilities
and systems which are of priority importance to
the functioning of the national system and way of
life.
Recovery Process
•Disasterrecoveryprocessisnotasetoforderlyactions
triggeredbytheimpactofadisasteruponacommunity.
•Itwillconsistofseveralrelatedactivitiessuchasthefollowing:
•Damage assessments
•Debris clearance, removal and its environmentally safe
disposal
•Restoration and even upgrading utilities including
communication networks
•Re-establishment of major transport linkages
•Temporary housing, Detailed building inspections
•Redevelopment planning
•Environmental assessments
•Demolition, Reconstruction
•Integrating DRR into various development initiatives
•Financial management, Economic impact analyses
•Disasterrecoveryprocessisnotasetoforderlyactions
triggeredbytheimpactofadisasteruponacommunity.
•Itwillconsistofseveralrelatedactivitiessuchasthefollowing:
•Damage assessments
•Debris clearance, removal and its environmentally safe
disposal
•Restoration and even upgrading utilities including
communication networks
•Re-establishment of major transport linkages
•Temporary housing, Detailed building inspections
•Redevelopment planning
•Environmental assessments
•Demolition, Reconstruction
•Integrating DRR into various development initiatives
•Financial management, Economic impact analyses
Major steps of the recovery process
Sl.NoMajor stepsProcess
1 Post-Disaster
Needs
Assessment
and Credible
Damage
Assessment
•Preliminary assessment reports
•Compilation and transmittal of damage and loss
data
•Disaster damage assessments led by government
and assisted by humanitarian response agencies,
and the initial damage surveys leading to a
comprehensive assessment
•Quantitative and qualitative baseline for damage,
loss, and needs across sectors, blocks (taluka) and
districts
•Results monitoring and evaluation plan for recovery
program
•Select the most appropriate and achievable
processes and methodology for conducting early
and credible damage and needs Assessments
Sl.NoMajor stepsProcess
1 Post-Disaster
Needs
Assessment
and Credible
Damage
Assessment
•Preliminary assessment reports
•Compilation and transmittal of damage and loss
data
•Disaster damage assessments led by government
and assisted by humanitarian response agencies,
and the initial damage surveys leading to a
comprehensive assessment
•Quantitative and qualitative baseline for damage,
loss, and needs across sectors, blocks (taluka) and
districts
•Results monitoring and evaluation plan for recovery
program
•Select the most appropriate and achievable
processes and methodology for conducting early
and credible damage and needs Assessments
Sl.NoMajor steps Process
2 Developing a
vision
for Build-Back
Better (BBB)
•High level meetings as well as broad-
based, wider consultations with experts,
civil society, and key stakeholders
•Build consensus among the range of
stakeholders within and outside
government
3 Ensure coherence
of BBB with the
development
programs and
goals
Discussions at top level to align the
recovery vision with the government’s
broader, longer term development goals
and growth and poverty reduction
strategies
2 Developing a
vision
for Build-Back
Better (BBB)
•High level meetings as well as broad-
based, wider consultations with experts,
civil society, and key stakeholders
•Build consensus among the range of
stakeholders within and outside
government
3 Ensure coherence
of BBB with the
development
programs and
goals
Discussions at top level to align the
recovery vision with the government’s
broader, longer term development goals
and growth and poverty reduction
strategies
Sl.NoMajor steps Process
5 Balancing
recovery
across sectors
•Promote norms for non-discriminatory and
equitable asset disbursement among
individuals and communities
•Prioritize infrastructure reconstruction
•Address the recovery of the lives and
livelihoods of disaster-affected communities
•Show sensitivity to the needs of the
affected population with regard to public
expectations from recovery
6 Prioritisingsectors
for recovery
•Determine relative importance of various
sectors such as housing, water and
sanitation, governance, transport, power,
communications, infrastructure,
environment, livelihoods, tourism, social
protection,health, and education.
5 Balancing
recovery
across sectors
•Promote norms for non-discriminatory and
equitable asset disbursement among
individuals and communities
•Prioritize infrastructure reconstruction
•Address the recovery of the lives and
livelihoods of disaster-affected communities
•Show sensitivity to the needs of the
affected population with regard to public
expectations from recovery
6 Prioritisingsectors
for recovery
•Determine relative importance of various
sectors such as housing, water and
sanitation, governance, transport, power,
communications, infrastructure,
environment, livelihoods, tourism, social
protection,health, and education.
Sl.NoMajor steps Process
4 Incorporating
resilience and
BBB in recovery
vision
Consultations and background studies
on:
• Disaster resistant physical recovery
• Options for fast economic recovery
• Gender and equity concerns
• Vulnerability reduction
• Natural resource conservation and
environmental protection
• Social recovery
5 Balancing
recovery
across sectors
•Balance public and private sectors BBB
programs
4 Incorporating
resilience and
BBB in recovery
vision
Consultations and background studies
on:
• Disaster resistant physical recovery
• Options for fast economic recovery
• Gender and equity concerns
• Vulnerability reduction
• Natural resource conservation and
environmental protection
• Social recovery
5 Balancing
recovery
across sectors
•Balance public and private sectors BBB
programs
Early, Mid and Long-term Recovery
•The salient provisions of the recovery framework
include the following:
1)Institutionalarrangements:Ensuringinstitutional
mechanismsatthenational,state,districtandlocal
(urbanandrural)levelsthatclearlydefinesrolesand
responsibilitiesinrecovery
2)Coordination:Thereisconsiderableinterdependence
betweenstakeholders–government,international
agencies,privatesector,civilsocietyorganizations–in
realizingtheobjectivesofrecoveryandinter-agency
coordinationisextremelyimportant
•The salient provisions of the recovery framework
include the following:
1)Institutionalarrangements:Ensuringinstitutional
mechanismsatthenational,state,districtandlocal
(urbanandrural)levelsthatclearlydefinesrolesand
responsibilitiesinrecovery
2)Coordination:Thereisconsiderableinterdependence
betweenstakeholders–government,international
agencies,privatesector,civilsocietyorganizations–in
realizingtheobjectivesofrecoveryandinter-agency
coordinationisextremelyimportant
3) Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):Participation of
the private sector has to be leveraged for larger
public good and the Public-Private Partnerships is
one effective way to facilitate the private sector
involvement in recovery
4) Information and Communication Technology (ICT):
Effective use of ICT in recovery programme,
disseminating messages among all stakeholders, and
providing information on all aspects of recovery
programme
5) Decision Support System (DSS):Setting up an
adequate DSS that includes Management
Information System (MIS), databases, deployment of
spatial data management technologies
the private sector has to be leveraged for larger
public good and the Public-Private Partnerships is
one effective way to facilitate the private sector
involvement in recovery
4) Information and Communication Technology (ICT):
Effective use of ICT in recovery programme,
disseminating messages among all stakeholders, and
providing information on all aspects of recovery
programme
5) Decision Support System (DSS):Setting up an
adequate DSS that includes Management
Information System (MIS), databases, deployment of
spatial data management technologies
6)Pool of Expertise:
Pooling of professional skills and expertise in diverse
areas
7) Community Participation:
Ensuring the pro-active involvement of communities,
proper community outreach, empowerment, and
gender equity in programme formulation and
implementation
8) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E):
M&E is an important component required for
promoting transparency in the recovery processes
and it should include technical and social audits.
Pooling of professional skills and expertise in diverse
areas
7) Community Participation:
Ensuring the pro-active involvement of communities,
proper community outreach, empowerment, and
gender equity in programme formulation and
implementation
8) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E):
M&E is an important component required for
promoting transparency in the recovery processes
and it should include technical and social audits.
Recovery Stages
Recovery
Stage
Duration Duration Brief Description
Early3 –18 MonthsCash for work, resumption of markets,
commerce and trade, restoration of social
services, transitional and temporary
shelters
Mid-
Term
Up to 5 Years
(concurrent
with early
recovery)
Recovery plans for assets and livelihoods,
reconstruction plans for housing,
infrastructure, public
buildings and cultural heritage buildings
Long-
Term
Within 10
Years
Implemented along with developmental
plans:
infrastructure strengthening,
environmental, urban and regional
planning
Recovery
Stage
Duration Duration Brief Description
Early3 –18 MonthsCash for work, resumption of markets,
commerce and trade, restoration of social
services, transitional and temporary
shelters
Mid-
Term
Up to 5 Years
(concurrent
with early
recovery)
Recovery plans for assets and livelihoods,
reconstruction plans for housing,
infrastructure, public
buildings and cultural heritage buildings
Long-
Term
Within 10
Years
Implemented along with developmental
plans:
infrastructure strengthening,
environmental, urban and regional
planning
Reconstruction
Reconstruction
•Longtermrecoveryeffortsmustfocusonredevelopingand
restoringthesocio-economicviabilityofthedisasterarea(s).
•Thereconstructionphaserequiresasubstantialcommitmentof
timeandresourcesbytheGovernments(StateandCentral)and
otheragencies.
•These reconstruction efforts include:
•Reconstructionofpublicinfrastructuresandsocial
servicesdamagedbythedisaster,whichcanbe
completedoverthelong-term
•Re-establishmentofadequatehousingtoreplacethat
hasbeendestroyed
•Restorationofjobs/livelihoodthatwaslost
•Restorationoftheeconomicbaseofthedisaster
areas
•Longtermrecoveryeffortsmustfocusonredevelopingand
restoringthesocio-economicviabilityofthedisasterarea(s).
•Thereconstructionphaserequiresasubstantialcommitmentof
timeandresourcesbytheGovernments(StateandCentral)and
otheragencies.
•These reconstruction efforts include:
•Reconstructionofpublicinfrastructuresandsocial
servicesdamagedbythedisaster,whichcanbe
completedoverthelong-term
•Re-establishmentofadequatehousingtoreplacethat
hasbeendestroyed
•Restorationofjobs/livelihoodthatwaslost
•Restorationoftheeconomicbaseofthedisaster
areas
Co-ordination of Reconstruction
•Recoveryeffortsrequirethecoordinationatseverallevelsof
governmentandthestakeholderinstitutionshavingspecific
responsibilitiesforcentral,state,privatesector,voluntary
organizations,andinternationalaidagencies.
Central Government
The role of the central government will include among others the
following:
•Coordinatewithvariousstakeholders
•Facilitatesolicitationandmanagementofdonatedresources
andvolunteers
•Coordinatewithvariousstakeholderstopromptlyresolve
recoveryissues
•Provideresourceson“needbasis”andwhicharewithinthe
capabilitiesofCentralGovernment,aspernorms
•Recoveryeffortsrequirethecoordinationatseverallevelsof
governmentandthestakeholderinstitutionshavingspecific
responsibilitiesforcentral,state,privatesector,voluntary
organizations,andinternationalaidagencies.
Central Government
The role of the central government will include among others the
following:
•Coordinatewithvariousstakeholders
•Facilitatesolicitationandmanagementofdonatedresources
andvolunteers
•Coordinatewithvariousstakeholderstopromptlyresolve
recoveryissues
•Provideresourceson“needbasis”andwhicharewithinthe
capabilitiesofCentralGovernment,aspernorms
Co-ordination of Reconstruction
State Government
Thedamageassessmentandallthephasesofrecoveryand
reconstruction(shorttolong-term)aretheresponsibilityof
theState/UTgovernment.Someofthekeytasksare:
•Leadinandsupportneedanddamageassessment
operations
•Providerelevantdataregardingtheseverityofthedisaster
andassessmentofindividualneeds
•Participateinandsupportpublicinformationandeducation
programmesregardingrecoveryeffortsandavailable
Central/StateGovernmentassistance
•CoordinatewiththeCentralGovernmentandother
stakeholdersforreconstructionmanagement.
State Government
Thedamageassessmentandallthephasesofrecoveryand
reconstruction(shorttolong-term)aretheresponsibilityof
theState/UTgovernment.Someofthekeytasksare:
•Leadinandsupportneedanddamageassessment
operations
•Providerelevantdataregardingtheseverityofthedisaster
andassessmentofindividualneeds
•Participateinandsupportpublicinformationandeducation
programmesregardingrecoveryeffortsandavailable
Central/StateGovernmentassistance
•CoordinatewiththeCentralGovernmentandother
stakeholdersforreconstructionmanagement.
Co-ordination of Reconstruction
Private Sector
There is a need for facilitating the involvement of private sector in
disaster management and for businesses to integrate disaster
risk into their management practices. There is a need to involve
the private sector in the areas of:
•Technicalsupport
•Reconstructioneffort
•Riskmanagementincludingcoveringriskstotheirown
assets
•Financialsupporttoreconstructionefforts
•Risk-informedinvestmentsinrecoveryefforts
Private Sector
There is a need for facilitating the involvement of private sector in
disaster management and for businesses to integrate disaster
risk into their management practices. There is a need to involve
the private sector in the areas of:
•Technicalsupport
•Reconstructioneffort
•Riskmanagementincludingcoveringriskstotheirown
assets
•Financialsupporttoreconstructionefforts
•Risk-informedinvestmentsinrecoveryefforts
Co-ordination of Reconstruction
Voluntary Organizations and International Aid Agencies
They may participate in the following activities:
•Jointneedanddamageassessment
•Supportgovernmenteffortinreconstructionprocess
especiallyinsofarasthemandaterequiresthem
•Providetechnicalsupporttoreconstructionandrecovery
efforts
•Assistthegovernmentindisseminatingpublic
informationregardingreconstructionandrehabilitation
plan
•Trainingandcapacitydevelopmentoflocalcommunities
Voluntary Organizations and International Aid Agencies
They may participate in the following activities:
•Jointneedanddamageassessment
•Supportgovernmenteffortinreconstructionprocess
especiallyinsofarasthemandaterequiresthem
•Providetechnicalsupporttoreconstructionandrecovery
efforts
•Assistthegovernmentindisseminatingpublic
informationregardingreconstructionandrehabilitation
plan
•Trainingandcapacitydevelopmentoflocalcommunities
Rehabilitation
•Generally,rehabilitationpackageincludestotalreconstruction
ofdamagedphysicalandpsychologicalinfrastructure,aswell
aseconomicandsocialrehabilitationofthepeopleinthe
affectedregion.
The rehabilitation is classified into the following:
–Physical
–Relocation
–Social
–Economic and
–Psychological
•Generally,rehabilitationpackageincludestotalreconstruction
ofdamagedphysicalandpsychologicalinfrastructure,aswell
aseconomicandsocialrehabilitationofthepeopleinthe
affectedregion.
The rehabilitation is classified into the following:
–Physical
–Relocation
–Social
–Economic and
–Psychological
Physical Rehabilitation
Physical rehabilitation is a very important facet of rehabilitation.
It includes:
•Reconstructionofphysicalinfrastructuresuchashouses,
buildings,railways,roads,communicationnetwork,water
supply,electricity,andsoon
•Short-termandlong-termstrategiestowardswatershed
management,canalirrigation,socialforestry,crop
stabilization,alternativecroppingtechniques,jobcreation,
employmentgenerationandenvironmentalprotection
•Rehabilitationofagriculture,artisanworkandanimal
husbandry
•Adequateprovisionforsubsidies,farmimplements,
acquisitionoflandforrelocationsites,adherencetoland-
useplanning,floodplainzoning,retrofittingor
strengtheningofundamagedhouses,andconstructionof
modelhouses
Physical rehabilitation is a very important facet of rehabilitation.
It includes:
•Reconstructionofphysicalinfrastructuresuchashouses,
buildings,railways,roads,communicationnetwork,water
supply,electricity,andsoon
•Short-termandlong-termstrategiestowardswatershed
management,canalirrigation,socialforestry,crop
stabilization,alternativecroppingtechniques,jobcreation,
employmentgenerationandenvironmentalprotection
•Rehabilitationofagriculture,artisanworkandanimal
husbandry
•Adequateprovisionforsubsidies,farmimplements,
acquisitionoflandforrelocationsites,adherencetoland-
useplanning,floodplainzoning,retrofittingor
strengtheningofundamagedhouses,andconstructionof
modelhouses
Relocation
Relocation efforts should invariably include activities like:
•Avoidsecondarydisplacementasfaraspossible
•Gainconsentoftheaffectedcommunities
•Clearlydefinelandacquisitionprocess
•Takeintoconsiderationurban/rurallanduseplanning
beforemovingahead
•Providecustomizedrelocationpackages
•Decentralizepowersforundertakingtherelocationprocess
•Asfaraspossible,ensurerelocationsiteisneartotheir
agriculturallandsand/orsourcesoflivelihood,asapplicable
•Ensureprovisionoflivelihoodrehabilitationmeasuresfor
relocatedcommunities,wherevernecessary,totheextent
possible
Relocation efforts should invariably include activities like:
•Avoidsecondarydisplacementasfaraspossible
•Gainconsentoftheaffectedcommunities
•Clearlydefinelandacquisitionprocess
•Takeintoconsiderationurban/rurallanduseplanning
beforemovingahead
•Providecustomizedrelocationpackages
•Decentralizepowersforundertakingtherelocationprocess
•Asfaraspossible,ensurerelocationsiteisneartotheir
agriculturallandsand/orsourcesoflivelihood,asapplicable
•Ensureprovisionoflivelihoodrehabilitationmeasuresfor
relocatedcommunities,wherevernecessary,totheextent
possible
Social Rehabilitation
•Socialrehabilitationisalsoanimportantpartofdisaster
rehabilitation.
•Thevulnerablegroupssuchastheartisans,elderly,orphans,
singlewomenandyoungchildrenwouldneedspecialsocial
supporttosurvivetheimpactofdisasters.
•Thus,thistypeofrehabilitationwouldincludevarious
activitiessuchas:
•RevivalofEducationalActivities
•Giveregularcounselingtoteachersandchildren
•Encouragechildrentoattendtheschoolsregularly
•Providewritingmaterial,andworkbookstochildren
•Makechildrenparticipateinallactivitiespertainingto
resurrectionofnormalcyintheschool
•Trytoinculcateconduciveattitudestoenablethestudents
toplayapositiveroleinselfdevelopment
•Socialrehabilitationisalsoanimportantpartofdisaster
rehabilitation.
•Thevulnerablegroupssuchastheartisans,elderly,orphans,
singlewomenandyoungchildrenwouldneedspecialsocial
supporttosurvivetheimpactofdisasters.
•Thus,thistypeofrehabilitationwouldincludevarious
activitiessuchas:
•RevivalofEducationalActivities
•Giveregularcounselingtoteachersandchildren
•Encouragechildrentoattendtheschoolsregularly
•Providewritingmaterial,andworkbookstochildren
•Makechildrenparticipateinallactivitiespertainingto
resurrectionofnormalcyintheschool
•Trytoinculcateconduciveattitudestoenablethestudents
toplayapositiveroleinselfdevelopment
Rehabilitation of the Elderly, Women and Children
Theelderly,women,andchildrenaremorevulnerableaftera
majordisaster.Hencethefollowingmeasureswillhelpintheir
rehabilitation:
•Identifyfamiliarenvironstorehabilitateelderly,womenand
children
•Makeeffortstoattachdestitute,widowsandorphanswith
theirextendedfamily,ifthatisnotpossiblethenidentify
fosterfamilies
•Organizeregularcounselingtostrengthenthementalhealth
ofwomenandchildren
•Initiatevarioustrainingprogrammestomakethewomen
economicallyself-sufficient
•Givedueattentiontohealth,nutritionandhygieneinthe
long-termrehabilitationpackageforwomenandchildren
Theelderly,women,andchildrenaremorevulnerableaftera
majordisaster.Hencethefollowingmeasureswillhelpintheir
rehabilitation:
•Identifyfamiliarenvironstorehabilitateelderly,womenand
children
•Makeeffortstoattachdestitute,widowsandorphanswith
theirextendedfamily,ifthatisnotpossiblethenidentify
fosterfamilies
•Organizeregularcounselingtostrengthenthementalhealth
ofwomenandchildren
•Initiatevarioustrainingprogrammestomakethewomen
economicallyself-sufficient
•Givedueattentiontohealth,nutritionandhygieneinthe
long-termrehabilitationpackageforwomenandchildren
•Rehabilitation of the Elderly, Women and
Children
•Activate/reactivatetheanganwadis(day-carecentres),and
old-agehomeswithintheshortestpossibletime
•Setupatleastonemulti-purposecommunitycentreper
village
•Makeeffortstobuildresidentialfemalechildrenhomesat
theblocklevel
•Setupvocationaltrainingcampstoimprovetheskillsof
orphansandchildren
•Promoteself-helpgroups
Children
•Activate/reactivatetheanganwadis(day-carecentres),and
old-agehomeswithintheshortestpossibletime
•Setupatleastonemulti-purposecommunitycentreper
village
•Makeeffortstobuildresidentialfemalechildrenhomesat
theblocklevel
•Setupvocationaltrainingcampstoimprovetheskillsof
orphansandchildren
•Promoteself-helpgroups
Economic Rehabilitation
•Themajorcomponentsofeconomicrehabilitationare
livelihoodrestorationandensuringthecontinuityof
businesses,trade,andcommerce.
•Restoringemploymentandincomegeneratingopportunities
todisasteraffectedcommunitiesisavitalcomponentof
post-disasterreconstruction.
•Livelihoodopportunitiesareseverelydisruptedbythe
destructionorlossofessentialassets;withtheresultthat
peopleareunabletoengageinnormalincomegenerating
activities;becomedemoralizedanddependenton
humanitarianaid.
•Themajorcomponentsofeconomicrehabilitationare
livelihoodrestorationandensuringthecontinuityof
businesses,trade,andcommerce.
•Restoringemploymentandincomegeneratingopportunities
todisasteraffectedcommunitiesisavitalcomponentof
post-disasterreconstruction.
•Livelihoodopportunitiesareseverelydisruptedbythe
destructionorlossofessentialassets;withtheresultthat
peopleareunabletoengageinnormalincomegenerating
activities;becomedemoralizedanddependenton
humanitarianaid.
•Economic recovery should be based on:
•Analysisofexistinglivelihoodstrategiesandsustainability
ofbusinesses
•Acomprehensiveanalysisofexistingandfuturerisks
•Thevulnerabilitiesoftheaffectedfamilies
•Theaccessibilityoflinkagestoexternalinfluencesand
institutionsincludingskillsandknowledge
•Accesstofunctioningmarkets
•Analysisofexistinglivelihoodstrategiesandsustainability
ofbusinesses
•Acomprehensiveanalysisofexistingandfuturerisks
•Thevulnerabilitiesoftheaffectedfamilies
•Theaccessibilityoflinkagestoexternalinfluencesand
institutionsincludingskillsandknowledge
•Accesstofunctioningmarkets
Psychological Rehabilitation
•Anothercrucialdimensionofdisasterrehabilitationis
psychologicalrehabilitation.Dealingwithvictim’spsychology
isaverysensitiveissueandmustbedealtwithcautionand
concern.
•Thepsychologicaltraumaoflosingrelativesandfriends,and
thescarsoftheshockofdisastereventcantakemuchlonger
tohealthanthestakeholdersindisastermanagementoften
realize.
•Thus,counselingforstressmanagementshouldforma
continuouspartofadisasterrehabilitationplan.
•Anothercrucialdimensionofdisasterrehabilitationis
psychologicalrehabilitation.Dealingwithvictim’spsychology
isaverysensitiveissueandmustbedealtwithcautionand
concern.
•Thepsychologicaltraumaoflosingrelativesandfriends,and
thescarsoftheshockofdisastereventcantakemuchlonger
tohealthanthestakeholdersindisastermanagementoften
realize.
•Thus,counselingforstressmanagementshouldforma
continuouspartofadisasterrehabilitationplan.
•Efforts should be made to focus more on:
•Psycho-therapeutichealthprogrammes
•Occupationaltherapy
•Debriefingandtraumacare
•Tradition,values,norms,beliefs,andpracticesof
disaster-affectedpeople
•Psycho-therapeutichealthprogrammes
•Occupationaltherapy
•Debriefingandtraumacare
•Tradition,values,norms,beliefs,andpracticesof
disaster-affectedpeople
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