Post lintel

Structure

1. Two upright members, the posts, hold up a third member, the beam, laid horizontally across their top surfaces. In Britain it is called post-and-lintel system, but in the U.S. “lintel” is usually reserved for a short beam that spans a window or door opening. The post and beam formed the basis of architecture from prehistoric to Roman times, and is illustrated by such There are several ways to build according to the type and location. How to build depends on the technological level of the community that builds and the needs they manifest. In any case, the construction system uses by a community reflects part of his building From the Lion Gate at Mycenae in Greece to Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright in the mid twentieth century, ARCHITECTURE has served humanity's needs for beauty and shelter. Post-and-lintel construction is an architectural construction method that relies on the effect of gravity and spanning a short distance between two upright supports. Post Lintel Post Lintel

2. Content : Introduction Definition History Post Lintel Classification of beam Edge Beam Waffle Slab Structural system Advantages Disadvantages Example (Foreign) Example (Local ) Modern use of post lintel Conclusion Post Lintel

3. Introduction : There are several ways to build according to the type and location. How to build depends on the technological level of the community that builds and the needs they manifest. In any case, the construction system uses by a community reflects part of his personality as the building is a way to transform the environment adapted to the human needs. Ever since man left the shelter that provided the cave. How human/generation changed their life style or technologies for their own needs. Post Lintel

4. Definition : Two upright members, the posts, hold up a third member, the beam, laid horizontally across their top surfaces. In Britain it is called post-and-lintel system, but in the U.S. “lintel” is usually reserved for a short beam that spans a window or door opening. The post and beam formed the basis of architecture from prehistoric to Roman times, and is illustrated by such ancient structures as Stonehenge. All structural openings evolved from this system, which is seen in pure form only in colonnades and in framed structures, the posts of doors, windows, ceilings, and roofs usually being hidden in walls. The beam must bear loads that rest on it as well as its own load without deforming or breaking. Post-and-beam construction has largely been supplanted by the modern steel frame. Post Lintel

5. History : From the Lion Gate at Mycenae in Greece to Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright in the mid twentieth century, ARCHITECTURE has served humanity's needs for beauty and shelter. This most public of the arts disciplines begins with an understanding of the METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION and an understanding of TENSILE STRENGTH of materials. The Lion Gate (seen at the left-up) is located in Mycenae, the home of the famous hero Agamemnon - of Trojan War Fame. This structure illustrates the post and lintel structural system. The huge stones were shaped to fit by stone masons, who might also have created the sculptural relief above the lintel. This post and lintel structural system can also been seen in Western Europe, for example at Stonehenge. As time progressed in the Greek world, architects and builders ornamented the basic structural method, creating "Orders of Architecture": the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns (and a few more) forming the basic column types that defined these orders: respectively Archaic (with the Doric column), Classical (with the Ionic column), and Hellenistic (with the Corinthian column). The proportions of the columns to the lintels and the spaces between varied to create more visual grace or strength, depending on the tastes of the builders. Lion Gate at Mycenae in Greece Stonehenge Post Lintel

6. Post : The job of the post is to support the lintel weight and the load above it without crushing or bulking. Failure occurs for excessive weakness or length The material must be specially strong in compression. The posts or columns are made of stone, steel, concrete or reinforced concrete. Masonry posts, including those of bricks, may be highly efficient COMPRESSION FORCES Post Post Lintel

7. Lintel : It is a horizontal beam used in the construction of buildings. It is a major architectural contribution of ancient Greece. The job of the lintel is to bear the loads that rest on it, (as its own load) without deforming or breaking. Failure occurs when the material is too weak or the lintel is too long. May be made of wood, stone, steel or reinforced or pre tensioned concrete. load BEAM or LINTEL DEFORMATION Lintel Post Lintel

8. Classification of Beam: Continuous Beam Continuously supported beams are supported by three or more support points. They deflect less than simple beams of the same span because the positive and negative bending cancel each other out. Generally a continuous span is 20% more efficient than a simple span as it is able to span longer distances. Over Hanging Beam A beam which is freely supported at two points and having one or both the ends extending beyond these supports is known as overhanging beam. Fixed Beam A beam that is supported at both free ends and is restrained against rotation and vertical movement. Cantilever Beam A cantilever beam its a beam that is anchored only at one end. Cantilever beams overhang their supports. The cantilever section of the beam cannot support the same loads as the back span which is the section of beam between the supports. A typical allowance for the amount of cantilever in a beam is 20-25%. Simply Supported Beam Simply supported beams are supported at each end only. A diagram of a simple beam supported at each end is shown. If downwards pressure is applied bending would occur at the middle of the beam. Post Lintel

9. Edge Beam: Type of beam at the edge of a shell or plate structure whose stiffness may greatly increase the load-bearing capacity of the structure . It is mostly used in high rise office building for internal solution like a/c duct or ceiling. It is also used in tall flat slab building for join columns to increase strengthens in earthquake. Post Lintel Edge Beam Slab Plan Edge Beam Slab Section

10. Waffle Slab: Post Lintel A reinforced-concrete floor and roof construction employing a square grid of deep ribs with coffers in the interstices . Span up to 14 m and live load up to 7.5 kN /m2 Advantages: Carries heavy loads Attractive exposed ceilings Sound and Heat Insulator Maximum used in auditorium and double height entry Giving added strength in both directions . Disadvantages: Formwork with panels is expensive

11. Structural System: BENDING STRESSES An internal tensile or compressive longitudinal stress developed in a beam in response to curvature induced by an external load.  BENDING FAILURE A bending moment exists in a structural element when a moment is applied to the element so that the element bends TORSION The stress or deformation caused when one end of an object is twisted in one direction and the other end is held motionless or twisted in the opposite direction . a. The act of twisting or turning. VERTICAL SHEAR STRESS FAILURE Shear forces, or shear stresses, are caused by forces applied parallel to a material, potentially causing deformation of that material. Beam shear can be caused by horizontal or vertical stresses, as well as by bending Post Lintel

12. Structural System: Here has some simple detail of column and beam joining and dimension which is variable in various design. Post Lintel Here has some picture of making column and beams.

13. Advantages: Post-and-lintel is the simplest of structural systems. This is a strong support when the structure is level and gravity pulls down evenly on the structure. It is also a great way for constructing an opening . It’s renovation system is easy and safe. It is a strong structure for earthquake. It has a big advantage that It gives sign before collapse. Homes constructed with a post and lintel construction method can usually be assembled quicker that other types of construction . This construction method is considered more energy efficient than houses constructed using alternative methods because it is easier to insulate the home . Post and lintel system is less expensive then other. Post Lintel

14. Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantages to this type of construction is the limited weight that can be held up, and the small distances required between the posts. This structure can not use in High rise project because that’s time it will be expensive and High rise weight will be much more which is not good. Failure occurs when the material is to weak or the span is to long to support the load. This makes the beam bend or break. This aspect combined with others can cause many structural accidents, destroying the structure like a house of cards. Post Lintel

15. Example: Stonehenge Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire , England. It is the famous ancient post lintel structure. Some paired with a lintel over the top The circular is about 100 feet in diameter Inside the circle are 5 more paired and linteled stones Weights of each stone is about 50-60 tones The tallest stone is 16 feet tall It is still unknown that who built the Stonehenge and why! Most of the people believe that it was constructed as a holy place for religious rituals and ceremonies. Post Lintel

16. Example: Parthenon 1.Most important and characteristic monument of Greek Civilization. 2.Built between 447-438 BC in classical period. 3.Completely made out of pentelite marble 4.Surrounded by free standing columns 5.8x17 columns 6.Double cella 7.Smaller west cella had 4 interior columns 8.East cella was a U-shaped collonade of 9 cocolumns 9.Eastern cella dedicated by ATHENA POLIAS 10.Western cella dedicated by ATHENA PERTHENONS 11.Destroyed in 480/479 BC 12.It was converted into a cristian church in Ca.500 BC 13.In 1687,a small mosque was built in the cella . Post Lintel

17. Example: Parthenon Post Lintel The upper portion of column is quite thin then lower portion and it has capital to support stone lintels.

18. Example: Erechtheion Type: Greek Temple Architectural style:Ionic Location : Athens,Greece Architect :May have been Mnesicles The temple as seen today was built between 421 and 406 BC . On the north side, there is another large porch with six Ionic columns, and on the south, the famous "Porch of the Maidens", with six draped female figures (caryatids) as supporting columns. The porch was built to conceal the giant 15-ft beam needed to support the southwest corner over the metropolis, after the building was drastically reduced in size and budget following the onset of the Peloponnesian war. Post Lintel

19. Example: Erechtheion Post Lintel Here they decorate the columns with human figures and on the head has a capital like parthenon .

20. Example: Fire House for engine company and ladder company Brooklyn ,New York Structure:Steel Frame Architect: Peter_Eisenman The Building’s design responds to its urban Site,where an elevated rail line marks a shift in grid patterns,by in corporating these two grids within the structure .This two story firehouse contains fire-fighting equipment,battalion chief’s offices, company offices and sleeping accomodation.The structural roof beam members of the superimposed grid contain red laser lights symbolically illuminate the structure at night.In addition,a beacon of red light shines out when the fire engines are on-call. Post Lintel

21. Example: Post Lintel Fire House for engine company and ladder company North Elevation South Elevation First Level Plan

22. Example: Hospital Post Lintel ARCHITECT; NICKL AND PARTNER LOCATION;GERMANY AREA;7,100SQM T he primary design concept for the renovation of hospital is backbone .It’s a beam column project. The façade are composed of full length ceramic elements with timber frame and aluminum windows.

23. Example: Hospital Post Lintel

24. Example: Post Lintel Gulshan Pride Apartment Complex Architect : Bashirul Haque The Gulshan Pride apartment complex is a developer built project. The scope of work for this project involved efficient planning, structural system and use of materials in order to make the project financially viable and generating profit for the developer . Project is inspired by climate quality and harshness of light, critical consciousness of the place and the universal civilization . Structural system: The structural system of the complex is column, beam and reinforced concrete for apartment and duplex building.The buildings, supported by columns and beams, have cavity wall on the periphery and the out side wall is of machine made exposed brick.

25. Example: Gulshan Pride Apartment Complex Post Lintel Section AA’

26. Example: Hand-Made School Post Lintel Location: Rudrapur , Bangladesh Architect : Anna Heringer , Eike Roswag Client : Dipshikha Society for Village Development Built Area: 325 m² Cost: US$ 22’835 This village school adapts the traditional materials of earth and bamboo to make them more durable. In terms of the earth construction, the most important technical advances were introducing a damp-proof course, adding a brick foundation and mixing straw into the loam. The potential of bamboo construction is demonstrated by the ceiling (a layering of bamboo sticks, bamboo boards and earth) and the first-floor walls and roof (a frame construction consisting of beams - four layers of joined bamboo sticks – and vertical and diagonal poles ).

27. Example: Hand-Made School Post Lintel Three layers of bamboo post are bound together for the floor beams and anchored at both ends into the mud wall with a one metre by one metre mud mass as a balustrade. The infills to the lightweight bamboo frames are window frames with slats that allow light and air to penetrate.

28. Example: Hand-Made School Post Lintel Ground Floor Plan

29. Example: Chhayanat Post Lintel Architect : Bashirul Haque The Chhayanat Sangeet Vidyatan (Bengali: ছায়ানট ) is one of leading institutions of Bengali culture in the world. Founded in 1961 in Dhaka, Chhayanat remains one of the most influential cultural groups in the country As in the case of many similar organizations, it was established during the Pakistani rule in Bangladesh to promote and nurture the cultural and musical heritage of Bengal. Every year, Chhayanat arranges the biggest program in order to celebrate the Pahela Boishakh , the first day of Bengali new year

30. Example: Chhayanat Post Lintel

31. Modern Use of Post Lintel Post Lintel Even now modern buildings use a basic post And lintel system idea. The engineers had combined these two elements to create a mushroom columns. This is column that has a slab at the end making it a column with support function it can become the ceiling of a structure.

32. Modern Use of Post Lintel Post Lintel Mexican architects SLOT Design the Mexico Pavillion for Shanghai World Expo 2010 Frank Lloyd Wright Johnson Wax Headquarters

33. Conclusion: Post Lintel Post-and-lintel construction is an architectural construction method that relies on the effect of gravity and spanning a short distance between two upright supports. From prehistoric times, the post and lintel System has been used for all kinds of structures.Since the Roman and Egiptian temples to the evolution of frames and archs , the post and lintel system has remained as the basic idea. Prepared By: 046-05361 046-05369 046-05377 046-05381 046-05383 046-05384 045-05328 Asif Iqbal Urmi Sarif Monir Mazhar Rafat