post lintel structure for architects

its a student report for post lintel structure analysis .....

1. Report on
Post Lintel Structure

2. CONTENT
Introduction -01
Building as Structure -02
Classification of structural System -03
General Properties -04
Definition -05
History -06
Concept -07
Meterals -08
Post -09
Lintel -10
Foundation-11-12
Span Material Relations-13
Cantilever Beans-14
Failures-15
CONTENT
00
Failures-15
Advantage-16
Disadvantage-17
Force on structure-18
Load-19-21
Load & support in conostuction -22
THERMAL MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL-23
Other Structure & bridge structure-24-27
Modern Uses -28
Examples -29-31
Conclusion -32

3. INTRODUCTION
Building systems can be post-and-lintel, vaulted or internal structures.
There are several ways to build according to the type and location. How
to build depends on the technological level of the community that builds
and the needs they manifest.
In any case, the construction system uses by a community reflects part
of his personality as the building is a way to transform the environment
adapted to the human needs. Ever since man left the shelter that
provided the cave, until now, there have been three different building
systems: lintel, domed and internal structures.
The building method of post and lintel has been used for centuries.
All structural openings have evolved from this system, which is seen in
pure form only in framed structures, because the posts of doors,
windows, ceilings, and roofs normally form part of the wall.
Post and lintel construction is recognized by its simple vertical and
horizontal design, in which a pair of vertical supports are set in the
ground or a foundation, and a horizontal structure is balanced on top of
them.
01

4. Building as a structure
Building as a structure:
A building is a structure, or a system. On a system of organized
elements, which are these elements ?
A building can serve as a structure in many ways, depending on the
purpose of it to the human been, the place were it is built or to
understand reason.
-Skin
-Importance of the Location. Landmark
-Tall buildings: feet, torso, head
-Patrimonial structure
-Shelter
-Shell
02

5. Classification of the Structural Systems
Classification of the Structural Systems:
MASSIVE STRUCTURES:
They are those in which the resistance and the stability are obtained
by means of the mass, even though the completely solid structure not.
RETICULAR STRUCTURES:
It consists of a network of assembled elements
SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES:
They can have high performance due to his double function like
structure and surrounding, they can be very stable and strong.
SYSTEMS FORMED BY BARS.
With adjustments of bars very diverse structural schemes can form, of
which I could become one first subdivision between triangular
adjustments, type armor, and adjustments type frame. In the first
external loads they resist essentially by axial forces in the members. In
the adjustments nontriangulados, or type frame, the transmission of the
loads implies the appearance of sharp flexion and.
SYSTEMS WITH PLATES.
By means of vertical adjustments (walls) and horizontals (slabs)
systems of diverse characteristics can be formed, those that in general
can be denominated type drawer. The over position of plates simply
supported in a single direction and walls, Integra a system equivalent to
the post and the threshold and that has similar limitations. The lack of
continuity in the supports makes very vulnerable before accidental
actions that can introduce vertical tensions or sharp efforts in the
connection.
03

6. The general properties
The general properties:
Form: natural, remolded or reconstituted.
Weight :
like contributor to the gravitational loads of the structure.
Fire resistance:
combustion, conductivity, point of fusion and general behavior of high
temperatures.
Coefficient of thermal expansion: related to the dimensional changes
due to the temperature variations.
Durability:
resistance to the climate, insects and wearing downs.
Appearance:
natural or modified.
04

7. Definition
Definition
Is a simple construction method using alintel,header, orarchitraveas
the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by
two verticalcolumns,pillars, orposts. This architectural system and
building method has been commonly used for centuries to support the
weight of the structure located above the openings created by
windows and doors in abearing wall.
A structure is formed generally by an adjustment of basic elements.
The adjustment must take advantage of the peculiar characteristics,
each element obtain the most efficient form of the global structural
system, fulfilling the restrictions imposed by the operation of the
construction and many other aspects.
05

8. History
HistoryI
From prehistoric times to the Roman Empire, the post and lintel
system was the root of architectural design. The interiors of Egyptian
temples and the exteriors of Greek temples are delineated by columns
covered by stone lintels. The Greeks opened their interior spaces by
substituting wooden beams for stone, since the wood required fewer
supports. The development of the arch and vault challenged the system but
could not diminish its importance either in masonry construction or in wood
framing, by its nature dependent on posts and beams .
Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architects made extensive use of Post-
and-lintel construction to support the roofs of temples and public places.
Such ancient structures as Stonehenge, in Britain, were constructed on the
post-and-lintel system, which was the basis of architecture from prehistoric
to Roman times. The interiors of Egyptian temples and the exteriors of
Greek temples are delineated by columns covered by stone lintels. The
Greeks substituted wooden beams for stone because the wood required
fewer supports and opened up the interior spaces.
One of the earliest and most renowned post and lintel example is the
prehistoric Stonehenge monument in England, where massive stone blocks
were placed in a circle in the support-and-overhead design. Pure post and
lintel construction also can be found in a variety of early shelters, including
huts, cottages and stables. The Romans developed a variation of post and
lintel construction with the arch, which added stability and support, and by
the Catholic Church in Europe with the introduction of buttresses to support
massive cathedral walls
.
06

9. Concept
Concept
Post and lintel, or in contemporary usage Post and beam, is a simple
construction method using a lintel, or header as the horizontal member
over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns,
pillars, or posts.
This architectural system and building method has been commonly used
for centuries to support weight, such as a roof or deck, depending on
the vertical posts it rests on. It can support a huge amount of weight,
and is effective for reinforcing tall buildings or heavy structures. The
post refers to the vertical support, which is paired with an identical
support to form the full design. Posts can be columns, poles or beams,
modified to meet as architectural designs.
There are two main force vectors acting upon the post and lintel system:
weight carrying compression at the joint between lintel and post, and
tension induced by deformation of self-weight and the load above
between the posts. The two posts are under compression from the
weight of the lintel (or beam) above.
.
07

10. Material
Material.
The posts must support the lintel and its loads without crushing or
buckling. Post material must be especially strong in compression . Post
and lintel construction can incorporate wood, metal and stone. Stone has
this property and is more versatile in its use as a post than as a lintel.
Under heavy loads, stone is superior to wood but not to iron, steel, or
reinforced concrete. When used in doorways, wood and steel are the
most common materials. Depending on building requirements and
ordinances, the supports in windows may be made of plastic or
fiberglass, while wood or metal form the surrounding frame. Masonry
posts, including those of brick, may be highly efficient, because loads
compress the joints and add to their cohesiveness .The most important
detail about post and lintel construction is the pieces must fit together
exactly, so they are often prefabricated in mills and shops, and then
assembled on-site.
.
08

11. Post and lintel system
Post and lintel system :
Two upright members (post, columns, piers)
Third member (lintel, beam, girder, rafter)
The basis for the evolution of all openings
Tosupporttheweightof thestructurelocatedabovetheopenings
Post :
The job of the post is to support the lintel and its loads without crushing or
buckling. Failure occurs, as in lintels, from excessive weakness or length,
but the difference is that the material must be especially strong in
compression. Stone, which has this property, is more versatile as a post
than as a lintel; under heavy loads it is superior to wood but not to iron,
steel, or reinforced concrete. Masonry post, including those of brick, may
be highly efficient, since the loads compress the joints and add to their
cohesiveness. Although monolithic stone columns are used, they are
extravagant to produce for large structures, and columns are usually built
up of a series of cylindrical blocks called drums.
Thejobof thepost istosupportthelintel and itsloadswithoutcrushingor
buckling.
Masonrypost, includingthoseof brick, maybe highlyefficient, sincethe
loadscompressthejointsand addtotheircohesiveness.
09

12. Post and lintel system
Beam:
Thejobof thebeamorlintel istobearloadsthatrestonit, also
includesitsownwheigth
-Thebeamhas tobe abletodo thiswithoutdeformorbreak
Madeof wood, stone, steelorreinforcedorpre-tensionedconcrete
Stone lintels must be short, weak in bending
Materials strong in bending, bigger span, greater openings
Mansorylintels are inefficient cohesiveness ofmortar
10
load
BEAM or
LINTEL

13. Foundation
Foundation:
A foundationisa structurethattransfersloadstotheground.
Foundationsare generallybrokenintotwocategories:
shallowfoundations
deepfoundations.
Shallowfoundations
A shallowfoundationisa typeof foundationwhichtranfersbuilding
loadstotheearthverynearthesurface, ratherthantoa subsurfacelayer
ora rangeof depthsas doesa deepfoundation. Shallowfoundationsinclude
spread footing foundationsand slab-ongrade foundations
Deepfoundations.:
A deepfoundationisa typeof foundation. Deepfoundationsare distinguished
fromshallowfoundationsbythedepththeyare embeddedintotheground.
Thereare manyreasonswhysomeonewouldrecommenda deepfoundation
overa shallowfoundation, butsomeof thecommonreasonsare verylarge
designloads, a poorsoilat shallowdepth, orsiteconstraints(likeproperty
lines). Thereare differenttermsusedtodescribe differenttypesof deep
foundationsincludingpiles.
11

14. Foundation
Retainingwall:
A retainingwallisa structurethatholdsback earthfroma
buildingorotherstructure. Retainingwallsstabilizesoiland/or
rock fromdownslopemovementorerosionand providesupport
forvertical ornear-vertical grade changes. Cofferdamsand
bulkheads, structuresthatholdback water, are sometimes
alsoconsideredretainingwalls. Retainingwallsare generally
madeof masonry, stone, brick, concrete, vinyl, steelortimber.
Theyalsodecomposeovertime.
12

15. 13

16. 14
Cantiliver beam
CantiliverBeam
.

17. Failure occurs when the material is
to weak or the span is to long to support the load.
This makes the beam bend or break.
This aspect combined with others can cause many structural
accidents, destroying the structure like a house of cards
15

18. Advantage:
Building Time
Homes constructed with a post and beam construction method can
usually be assembled quicker that other types of construction. The
frame and insulated wall sections of a home are usually preassembled in
a shop and then transported to the site where the home is built. This
allows the mortise and tenonjoints to be premilledat a remote location,
saving time at the building site.
Aesthetics
Post and beam construction is generally considered to be more
aesthetically pleasing than other types of construction because the
wood is exposed on both the interior and exterior of the home. This is a
subjective judgment that is obviously up to the individual viewing the
home.
Fire Resistance
Some building codes classify building materials into five different types
based on the combustibility or fire resistance capability. Post and beam
construction materials are classified as Type IV material, and the
construction method is known for delaying the spread of exterior fires
into the interior
16
Advantage
Energy Efficiency
The post and beam construction method is considered more energy
efficient than houses constructed using alternative methods because it
is easier to insulate the home. In a post and beam construction, cold air
can penetrate only through the joints in between the individual timber
beams. The insulation used has less of a cold air flow to protect
against.
A home constructed with wood studs nailed together and then covered
with exterior and interior panels allows cold air to infiltrate anywhere
along the frame, making it more difficult to insulate.
Online References
Many online sites exist to provide information on post and beam homes.
Some of the sites include the Timber Frame Forum, and the Timber
Engineering Reference Center. The URLs for these two sites are in the
Resources section of this article.
Open Living Spaces
Homes that are constructed using post and beam methods have larger
interior living spaces than houses constructed using alternative methods.
This is because the timber frames are strong enough to avoid the use of
interior load-bearing walls.

19. Disadvantage:
Thebiggestdisadvantagetoa post and lintel constructionisthelimited
weightthatcan be heldup, and thesmalldistancesrequiredbetween
theposts.
Thetensioninducedbydeformationof self-weightand theload above
betweentheposts.
17
Disadvantage

20. 18
Force on structure

21. 19
Load
Gravity Loads
Gravity loads include all forces that are acting in the vertical
plane (see Figure 2). These types of forces are commonly
broken down into dead loads and live loads in a
uniform pounds per square foot loading nomenclature.
Dead loads account for the anticipated weight of objects
that are expected to remain in place permanently. Dead
loads include roofing materials, mechanical equipment,
ceilings, floor finishes, metal decking, floor slabs, structural
materials, cladding, facades and parapets. Live
loads are those loads that are anticipated to be mobile or
transient in nature. Live loads include occupancy loading,
office equipment and furnishings.
Horizontal Loads
Forces created by wind or seismic activity are considered to act in the
horizontal plane. While seismic activity is
capable of including vertical forces, this discussion will be based only on
horizontal forces. The majority of this
section will address wind forces and how they are transferred to the
primary structural systems of the building (see
Figure 3).

22. 20
Load
Seismic
Seismic activity induces horizontal forces, and at
times, vertical loads. The discussions in this publication
will focus on horizontal forces imposed during
seismic activity. Forces created during a seismic event
are directly related to weight or mass of the various
levels on a specific building. During seismic activity
horizontal diaphragms behave like wind load transfers
with respect to the primary lateral load resisting
systems. However, the induced forces are much more
sensitive to the shape of the building and the positioning
of the lateral load resisting systems. It is
advantageous to consider a very regular building
plan in areas of the country with significant seismic
activity.

23. 21
Load
Braced Frames Cross Bracing
Perhaps the most common type of braced frame is the cross-braced frame.
A typical representation of a crossbracedframe is shown in Figures 5 and
6. Figure 5 shows a typical floor framing plan with cross bracing denoted
by the dashed-line drawn between the two center columns. The solid lines
indicate the floor beams and girders.A typical multi-floor building elevation
with cross-braced bays beginning at the foundation level is shown in
A Figure 6. While only one bay is indicated in Figure 6 as having cross
bracing, it must be understood that many
bays along a given column line may be necessary to resist the lateral loads
imposed on a specific structure. One
or more column lines having one or more bays of cross bracing may be
necessary as well. It is important to establish
early on in the development of any project the location of braced bays. These
considerations are typical to
all of the braced frames discussed in this publication.

24. 22
Load & support in conostuction
Lintel BeamGirderRafter
Post ColumnsPiers
Simple construction method
Upright members: posts, columns or piers
Hold a third member horizontally: lintel, beam, girder or rafter.
In this system acts two forces, compression and tension.
Post and lintel construction-pieces must fit together exactly.

25. 23
THERMAL MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
THERMAL MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
Change in steel length = (0.0000065) ×(Length of steel) ×
(Temperature differential)
If a building with a large rectangular floor plan is exposed
to a temperature differential of 60°Fahrenheit,
andhas expansion joints at every 200 ft in the long
direction (see Figure 15), the horizontal movement in
that direction
will be as follows:
Change in steel length = (0.0000065) ×(200 ft) ×
(60°Fahrenheit)
= 0.08 ft
= 0.94 in.
Basic Vibration Terminology
Dynamic Loadings. Dynamic loadings can be classified as harmonic,
periodic, transient and impulsive as shown
in Figure 18. Harmonic or sinusoidal loads are usually associated with rotating
machinery. Periodic loads are
caused by rhythmic human activities such as dancing and aerobics,
and by impactive equipment. Transient loads
occur from movement of people and include walking and running.
Single jumps and heel-drop impacts areexamples of impulsive loads.
Period and Frequency. Period is the time, usually in seconds, between
successive
peak excursions in repeating

26. 24
Oters structures

27. 25
Oters structures
beam bridge:
A beam bridge is a rigid,, horizontal structure that rests on two end
supports, and carries traffic loads by acting structurally as a beam. It is a
direct descendant of the log bridge, now more normally made from shallow
steel "I". It is frequently used in pedestrian bridges and for highway
overpasses and flyovers. As is its ancestor, this bridge is in structural terms
the simplest of the many bridge types.
cantilever bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers: structures that project
horizontally into space, supported on only one end. For small footbridges,
the cantilevers may be simple beams; however, large cantilever bridges
designed to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from structural
Steel or box girders built from prestressed concrete. The steel
truss cantilever bridge was a major engineering breakthrough when
first put into practice, as it can span distances of over 1500 feet,
and can be more easily constructed at difficult crossings by virtue of
using little or no falsework.
arch bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as
a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of
the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained
by the abutments at either side. A viaduct may be made from a
series of arches.

28. 26
Oters structures
Archbridge
Anarchbridge isa bridge withabutmentsat eachendshapedas
a curvedarch. Archbridges workbytransferringtheweightof
thebridge and itsloadspartiallyintoa horizontal thrustrestrained
bytheabutmentsat eitherside. A viaductmaybe madefroma
series of arches.
Trussbridge
A trussbridge isa bridge composedof connectedelements(typically
straight) whichmaybe stressedfromtension, compression, orsometimes
bothin response todynamicloads. Trussbridges are oneof theoldesttypes
of modernbridges. Thistypeof bridge structurehas a fairlysimple design
and isparticularlycheaptoconstructowingtoitsefficientuse of materials

29. 27
Oters structures
Suspensionbridge
A suspensionbridge isa typeof bridge thathas beenmade
sinceancient
times as earlyas 100 AD. Simple suspensionbridges, for
use bypedestriansand livestock, are stillconstructed,
basedupontheancientInca ropebridge. Suspended fromtwo
highlocationsovera riverorvalley, simple suspensionbridges
followa shallowdownwardarcand are notsuitedformodern
roadsand railroads. Advancesin materialsand designledto
thedevelopmentof thesuspended-decksuspensionbridge, a
modernbridge capableof carryingvehiclesand light rail.
Insteadof thedeckfollowingthedownwardarcof themain
load-bearingcables (orchains), thesecables are
suspended betweentowers, and vertical suspender cables
carrytheweightof thedeckbelow, uponwhichtraffic
crosses. Thisarrangementallowsthedecktobe levelorto
arcslightlyupwardforadditionalclearance.

30. 28
Modern Uses
Modern Uses
Today, most post and lintel construction has a third
component, the wall, which adds additional support and hides
the post and lintel design within the framework. It can still be
seen in doorways and columns, in which the space between
the vertical supports is open.
Variations on post and lintel design can be found in bridges,
complex archways and crossbeams, sometimes with cable
support adding extra stability.
Because post and lintel construction is so simple, it forms the
base for the entrances to modern buildings that do not
feature curves, which add stability.

31. 29
EXAMPLES
The Parthenon, Greece
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London
Temple of Horus at Edfu, Egypt

32. 30
EXAMPLES
The Parthenon, Greece
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London
Temple of Horus at Edfu, Egypt

33. 31
EXAMPLES
Stonehenge, England.
Temple of Karnak, Egypt.
Glass House, Philip Johnson,
Connecticut.

34. 32
Conclusion
Formprehistorictimes, thepost and lintel
Systemhas beenusedforallkindsof structures.
SincetheRomanand Egiptiantemples tothe
evolutionof framesand archs, thepost and lintel
systemhas remainedas thebasicidea.
Evennowmodernbuildingsuse a basicpost
And lintel systemidea. Theengineershad
combinedthesetwoelementstocreatea
mushroomcolumns. Thisiscolumnthathas a slab
at theendmakingita columnwithsupportfuction
itcan becometheceilingof a structure.