Potential application of fungi in industry final

Potential application of fungi in industry final

1. Potential Application Of Fungi In Industry Applied Mycology and Phycology Subject Code-MB104 Prepared and presented by Deepika Rana Roll No. 1601 M.Sc. Microbiology 1 st Semester MD University, Rohtak

2. Fungi are prominent sources of pharmaceuticals and are used in many industrial fermentative processes, such as the production of enzymes, vitamins, pigments, lipids, glycolipids , polysaccharides and polyhydric alcohols. Fungi are extremely useful in making high value products like myco -proteins and acts as plant growth promoters and disease suppressor. Fungal secondary metabolites are important to our health and nutrition and have tremendous economic impact. In addition to this, fungi are extremely useful in carrying out biotransformation processes. Recombinant DNA technology, which includes yeasts and other fungi as hosts, has markedly increased market for microbial enzymes. 

3. Fungi in Industry Fungi in e nzyme production Major Vitamins from fungi Organic acids from fungi Fungi in medicine Fungal metabolites of pharmaceutical importance Fungi in beverage industry Designing of vectors

4. There are several multinational companies having stake in manufacturing industrial enzymes from fungi. Biocon India Ltd. is a major bulk enzyme producer in India .   Use of Enzymes for different purposes   Food 45 %   Detergent 34 % Textile 11 % Leather 3 % Pulp/paper 1 % Others 6 % Fungi in enzyme production

5. THE MAJOR ENZYMES SOURCED FROM FUNGI ENZYME SOURCE USES Acid, alkaline & Aspergillus oryzae ; A. niger Meat tenderization, Bakery neutral proteases A. flavus ; A. sojae Cellulase Trichoderma koningi Paper industry, Detergent, Coffee Diastase Aspergillus oryzae Acid reflux, Food Supplement Glucoamylase Aspergillus niger ; A. oryzae Sweeteners Invertase Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sugar Candies Lactase S. lactis ; Rhizopus oryzae Lactose intolerant patients Ligninase Phanerochaete chrysosporium Pulp and Paper industry Lipase Rhizopus spp . Baking, Pancreatic disorders Pectinase A . niger ; Sclerotinia libertina Fruit juices

6. Major vitamins from fungi Vitamin Fungus producing Uses Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Ashbya gossypii Candida famata Increasing energy levels; boosting immune system function; maintaining healthy  hair ,  skin , mucous membranes, and nails; slowing aging Panthothenic acid (Vitamin B5) Fusarium oxysporum Used orally for  osteoarthritis ,  rheumatoid arthritis ,  Parkinson's disease , nerve pain,  premenstrual syndrome  (PMS),  enlarged prostate , NADH Candida boidinii Treating  high blood pressure ,  high cholesterol , depression , and Parkinson’s diseasereducing signs of aging; and protecting against the side effects of an AIDS drug called  zidovudine  (AZT) S- adenosylmethionine ( SAMe ) Sachharomyces saké used for  depression,     osteoarthritis, chronic  lower back pain ,  Alzheimer's  disease, slowing the aging process, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ), migraine, headache , and lead poisoning. Glycolipid Mannosylerythritol lipids Ustilago scitaminea NBRC 32730 Biosurfactant 11 Vitamins and Related Compounds: Microbial Production SAKAYU SHIMIZU, Kyoto, Japan

7. Other products of fungi Mycoprotein is the protein from fungi. The main mycoprotein on sale in Europe and North America is called  Quorn . It was originally developed as a food source to combat food shortages. Quorn  is the leading meat free brand within the UK and Ireland. All Quorn products contain mycoprotein which is derived from the fungus Fusarium venenatum . Pullulan  is a polysaccharide produced by  Aureobasidium pullulans  and can be woven into fibers and has potential in the production and strengthening of fabrics. Special  fishing lines  and  bulletproof vests  are some of the products that contain these special polysaccharides.  Aureobasidium pullulans

8. Beta- glucans  produced by certain yeast are being used for encapsulation of foods and medicines . They control the slow release of flavors and drugs. Chitin  is second behind cellulose as the most abundant compound in nature. Commercially produced chitin in used in threads for suturing and as  fillers in different foods .

9. Organic acids from fungi Organic acid Source Uses Citric acid Aspergillus niger In food preservation, powerful cleaning agent and in cosmetic products Fumaric acid Rhizopus nigricans Used in food and beverage products, as oral pharmaceutical formations Gluconic acid Aspergillus niger Acidity regulator as food additive, cleaning products Itaconic acid A. terreus Prepare acrylic fibres and rubbers, reinforced glass fibre, in water treatment systems, artificial diamond and lens Kojic acid A. oryzae Used in food and cosmetics as skin lightening agent, change colour of substances

10. Fungi in medicine Fungi in antibiotics Medicine Fungus involved Use Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Anti-bacterial(gram + ve ) Cephalosporin Cephalosporium Anti-bacterial(gram + ve ) Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvum Fungi-static, treatment of dermatophytes Lentinan Lentinus sp. Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria sp. and Herpes Simplex Virus -I(HSV-1) Schizophyllan Schizophyllum Antibacterial(against Staphylococcus aureus ) and Antifungal(against Candida albicans )

11. Mushrooms and polypores are rich source of natural antibiotics. The cell wall glucans are well known for their immunomodulatory properties, and the secondary metabolites are active against bacteria and viruses. Exudates from mushroom mycelia are active against protozoa such as the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum .

12. Non-antibiotic Therapeutics from Fungi There are non-antibiotic therapeutic agents obtained from fungi that have revolutionized medical practice. Cyclosporin is an important immunosuppressant drug that is used in organ transplantation surgery. Cyclosporin -A is derived from Tolypocladium inflatum , and Aspergillus sp. About 20% of the drugs produced by pharmaceutical industry today are derived from fungi Lovastatin is a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor derived from Aspergillus terreus . It is one of the many drugs used as a cholesterol reducing agent. A similar cholesterol reducing drug is produced from Penicillium citrinum , and it is called Pravastatin . Fungi are the source of vitamin B12 ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) and other vitamins ( S. cerevisiae , Ashbya sp., Blakeslea sp.), hallucinogens ( Psylocybe sp.), and steroids useful in fertility regulation ( Rhizopus spp.).

13. Lovastatin Griseofulvin Cyclosporin Lentinan Penicillin Pravastatin

14. Fungal metabolites The metabolite named gibberelic acid , is used as a plant growth stimulator, produced by growing the fungus Giberella fujikuroi on solid substrates. Gibberelic acid stimulates both cell division and cell elongation and hastens plant maturation and seed germination. It is applied to growing crops (field crops, small fruits, vines and fruit trees) ornamentals and shade trees, and ornamental plants, shrubs and vines. Claviceps purpurea The ergots contain many alkaloids. Their strongest effect is intoxication, caused by lysergic acid amides, one of which is the recreational (and illegal) drug, LSD. Ergot alkaloids have a number of medicinal uses. Perhaps the most widespread use is in the treatment of migraines. The vasodilator activity reduces tension during an attack. The drugs also reduce blood pressure, though with untoward side effects. Alkaloids are now produced in culture by strains of C. fusiformis and C. paspalii . Giberella fujikuroi

15. In B everage Industry Distilled Alcohol:    Saccharomyces  and  Schizosaccharomyces Industrial alcohol   Alcoholic beverages   Whiskey  is made largely from barley. Bourbon  is a form of whiskey made from fermented corn. Vodka  is produced largely from potatoes in Russia and other east European countries because they are cheap. Rum  is a distilled spirit made from sugar-containing substrates like molasses and cane juice. Cognac  is made from distilled grape wine to prevent spoilage in shipment.  Brandy is made in a similar way as cognac, initially from grape wine but later in North America from fermented juices of pears and peaches. Tequila  is a briny liquor made exclusively in Mexico from fermented juice of the  Agave cactus .

16. Wine in the strict sense is the fermented juice of grapes. Wines are named after the type of grapes or the geographic area or specific village where they were first produced. For example, Burgandy , Bordeaux, Champagne , and Alsacs  are important wines of France.  There are red, white, and pink (rosé) wines,  The common muscadine grape. Beer is a beverage obtained by the alcoholic fermentation by yeasts of a malted cereal, usually  barley malt , with or without other starchy materials, and to which hops have been added .  There are two types of beers,  lager   and ales .  The  yeast  used in beer brewing is Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kanji : A beerlike beverage made with carrots and beets fermented with  Hansenula . Taste much like cherry wine. Rice Beer : Rice beer is called  sake  in Japan,  murcha  or  pachwai  in India. It is made with rice plus species of  Mucor  or  Aspergillus oryzea  and sugar. Yeast being added to the mash during beer making.

17. Designing of vectors The most important recent development in microbial biotechnology is the use of fungi as expression hosts for recombinant proteins used as therapeutic agents for human diseases . Yeasts have been the expression vectors for more than 500 mammalian proteins. Among eukaryotes, fungal cell cultures have the advantage that they are easy to grow and inexpensive to maintain . Production of Hepatitis-B Vaccine from Pichia pastoris Pichia pastoris expression vector has been the classical example of how a fungal expression host can reduce the cost of a vaccine considerably. Earlier, a single dose of Hepatitis-B vaccine was costing about Rs. 800/- but now the cost has been reduced to Rs. 80/- per dose. This is because P. pastoris can be grown easily and economically in large bioreactors. Development of P. pastoris as a host organism for the production of heterologous proteins would provide a means of achieving high yields of fully active products.

18. Some important therapeutic recombinant proteins expressed in Pichia pastoris Protein Indication Firm Angiostatin Anti- angiogenic EntreMed Elastase Cystic fibrosis Dyax Endostatin Anti- angiogenic EntreMed Epidermal Diabetes Transition growth factor Therapeutics Hepatitis-B Serum hepatitis Glaxo surface antigen -SmithKline Human serum Stabilizing Mitsubishi albumin blood in Pharma burn/shock Insulin-like Deficiency of Cephalon growth factor-1 of the same Note: Data from Tillmann U. Gerngross , Nature Biotechnology, 2004

19. BRAND NAME RECOM. PROTEIN COMPANY Actrapid Insulin NovoNordisk • Ambrix Hepatitis-B GlaxoSmithKline surface antigen • Comvax …….”……. Merck • Elitex Urate oxidase Sanofi-Synthlabo • Glucagen Glucagon Novo Nordisk • HBVAXPRO Hepatitis-B Aventis Pharma Surface antigen • Leukine Granulocyte Berlex macrophage CSF • Regranex rh Platelet-derived Ortho-McNeil Growth factor & Janssen- Cilag SOME THERAPEUTIC RECOMBINANT PROTEINS EXPRESSED BY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

20. References NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF FUNGI . S. B. SULLIA. Emeritus Professor, Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology. Bangalore University Vitamins and Related Compounds: Microbial Production SAKAYU SHIMIZU, Kyoto, Japan Production of glycolipids biosurfactants , Mannosylerythritol Lipids by a smut fungus Ustilago scitaminea NBRC 32730 Tomotake Morita, Yuko Ishibashi , Tokuma Fukuoka Biosc . Biotechnol . Biochem ., 73 (3), 788-792, 2009 Production of food and beverage www.angelfire.com Mycology - Feeding - Secondary Metabolites www.bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au Mycology - Uses of Fungi - Fungal Drugs www.bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au LOVASTATIN TABLETS, Usp www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov Google images

21. Thank you