POTHOGRAHY. forensic reviewer future RC..

Forensic

1. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY MARK LESTER MENDOZA-FLORES, R.C Instructor / Lecturer MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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3. Brief history of Police Photography The word “photography” was coined by Sir John Hersche l , who first used the term in 1839 , the year photographic process became public. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

4. Light Projection through a Pin hole Light projection MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

5. The Pin – Hole Camera Pin hole MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

6. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012 Pinhole Camera A simple camera can be built by making a pinhole in a box. Light passes through the hole and forms an inverted, backwards image of the subject on the back of the box. Artists of the Renaissance used a similar device, called the camera obscura , as an aid to drawing. The earliest camera obscura was a small room, on the back wall of which the artist could trace the projected scene.

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8. The Camera Obscura Giovanni Battista Della Porta – was the reputed inventor in 1569 of the “ Camera Obscura ”. This invention was the logical outcome of the discovery of the possibility of projecting an image through a minute hole. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

9. The Camera Obscura Means “dark room”. A darkened enclosure in which images of outside objects are projected through a small aperture or lens onto a facing surface. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

10. Camera obscura MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

11. CAMERA OBSCURA MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

12. Modern camera and the Camera Obscura MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

13. Joseph Nicephore Niecepce – in 1827 obtain the first fixed image . Created the first surviving permanent photograph by using a camera obscura , a precursor of the camera. He died in 1833 having been unable to perfect the technology. PROPONENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY MARK LESTER FLORES 2012 Joseph Nicephore Niecepce

14. Louis- Jacques- Mande Daguerre – a French artist and chemist, recognized for his invention of Daguerreotype process of photography. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012 Louis- Jacques- Mande Daguerre

15. Daguerreotype – were the forerunners of our modern film. It was made of a copper plate coated with silver and exposed to iodine vapor before it was exposed to light. To create the image on the plate, it must be exposed to light for about 15 minutes. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

16. Henry Fox Talbot – in 1834 created permanent (negative) images. He use paper, soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution. He the one created positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper. C alotype – process in the year 1840. - in this process, Talbot coated paper sheets with silver chloride to create an intermediate negative image. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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18. Brief History of Forensic Photography Forensic Photography - sometimes referred to as police photography, forensic imaging or crime - is the art or science of documenting photographically a crime scene and evidence for laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of court trial. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

19. Police Photography- is an art or science that deals with the study of the principles of photography, the preparation of photographic evidence and its application to police work. Scene photography - is the art of producing an accurate reproduction f a crime scene or an accident using photography for the benefit of a court or to aid in an investigation. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

20. What Is PHOTOGRAPHY? Photography - is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light. The word photography was derived from the Greek word "photos" - light and " graphe / graphos "- drawing. Photograph - is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually photographic film or electronic image. Photograph - is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually photographic film or electronic image. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

21. Basic Importance of crime photography: Refresh memory Preserve memory Save money Objectives Of Photography To produce a pictorial record of the crime scene. To help in keeping the police officer’s memory inn remembering accurately as to where the locations of physical evidence are found. To help in securing and obtaining confession, description, deposition and information relating to the case. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

22. USE OF PHOTOGRAPHY Identification Record Presentation Substitution Deciding factor MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

23. PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY A photograph is both the mechanical and chemical result of photography. To produce a photograph, light is needed aside from sensitized materials (film or papers). Light radiated or reflected by the subject must reach the film while all other lights are excluded. The exclusion of all other lights is achieved by placing the film inside a light tight box (camera). The effect of light on the film is not visible in the formation of images of objects. To make it visible, we need or require a chemical processing of the expose film called development. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

24. The visual effect of light on the film after development varies when the quantity quality of light the reached the emulsion of the film. To grant in the amount of light will produce an opaque or very black shade after development. Too little will produces a transparent or white shade after a development. The amount of light reaching the film is dependent upon several factors like lightning condition, lens opening, used, shutter speed used, filter used etc. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

25. FIVE ELEMENTS IN PHOTOGRAPHY: Light or electromagnetic radiation Camera Sensitized materials Chemical process Subject or object – refers to animate and inanimate things – persons or materials etc.. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

26. Other photography related to police photography Photomacrography Photomicrography Infrared photography Ultra – violate ray photography MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

27. Light and Lenses Lens - is an optical unit mounted in the camera which makes possible the formation of sharp image. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

28. What is LIGHT ? - is a form of electromagnetic impulse of the same family as radio, hertzian waves, heat, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays and cosmic rays. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

29. Principle of LIGHT - light, or visible light, is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye(about 400-700nm). - in the context of science, light is sometimes used to refer to the entire electromagnetic spectrum. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

30. Electromagnetic Spectrum - is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength. The sun, earth, and other bodies radiate electromagnetic energy of varying wavelength. Electromagnetic energy passes through space at the speed f light in the form of sinusoidal waves. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

31. Electromagnetic Spectrum MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

32. The wavelength is the distance from wave crest to wave crest Wavelength MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

33. Electromagnetic Radiation In terms of classical theory, the flow of energy at the universal speed of light through a material/ medium in the form of the electric and magnetic fields that make up electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, visible light and gamma rays. In such a wave, time- varying electric and magnetic fields are mutually linked with each other at right angles. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

34. Measurement of light (expressed in nanometer) 0 – 30 – X-ray 30 – 400 – Ultra – violate 400 – 700 – visible light 700 – 1000nm – Infrared light 1000 – up nm – Radio waves MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

35. The Visible Ray Of The Spectrum MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

36. Wavelength of the electromagnetic Spectrum Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violate MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

37. Objects Which Affect Speed Of Light Transparent objects – objects or mediums which merely slow the speed of light but allow it to pass freely. Opaque objects – objects which divert or absorb light, but allow no light to pass through it. Translucent objects – which allow light to pass through them in such way that the outline of the light source is not clearly visible. Ex. Glass, ground glass oiled paper, water. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

38. How Light Changes Direction 1. Reflection – is a change in the direction of light wave which occurs whenever light waves comes in contact with the surface of an object/subject but does not allow the wave to pass through it. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

39. Two ways how light reflected: Diffuse reflected light - when light rays in contact with rough surface. Specular reflected light – when light rays come in contact with smooth surface such as mirror, it produces glare. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

40. Diffuse reflected light Specular reflected light MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

41. 2. Refraction – is the bending or redirection of light waves when passing obliquely from one medium to a medium of different density. A B C D Refraction of light through flat glass MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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43. 3. Prism – is a solid for dispersing light, it is a transparent polygonal solid object with flat faces and usually a triangular cross section, used for separating white light into a spectrum of colors. Light rays bend twice when passing through a prism. A Prism Bends A Ray Twice MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

44. A Prism Bends A Ray Twice MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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46. Significance of Lenses A lens is a piece of transparent material with at least one curved surface, which refracts, or bends light rays coming from an object. Lenses are usually made out of glass or plastic and they have special property which can give good results. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

47. Lens Type Double convex Plano convex Concave convex Double concave Plano concave Concave convex Achromatic lens MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

48. Convex Concave MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

49. Converging rays – there is convergence of light rays when light rays meet at once point after they pass through a lens. The point at which light converge is called the focus. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

50. Diverging rays – are lights rays which bend away from a given point. Lenses which cause light rays to diverge are known as concave lenses. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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53. Distinction Converging rays Diverging rays MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

54. Types Of Camera Lens Wide- angle lens Normal lens Telephoto Zoom lens Macro lens Micro lens MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

55. WIDE- ANGLE LENS Lenses have a shorter focal length usual 35 mm, 28mm or less Used when photographing narrow and crowded MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

56. NORMAL LENS Lenses have a focal length of 25mm to 26mm Lenses which are commonly used in regular photography MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

57. TELEPHOTO Lenses have longer focal lengths such as 90mm, 200 mm and longer Fixed lenses used in photographing long or far distances. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

58. ZOOM LENS Lenses which are variable. It can photograph from the shortest to longest distances. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

59. MACRO LENS Lenses that enlarges object and magnify from 1 to 9x. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

60. MICRO LENS Used to photograph minute objects and magnify and enlarge from 10x up. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

61. How lens affect photographic images? Lens aberration – is an anomaly of the which causes distortion of the image due to lens curvature or color at the edge of the lens. Aberration – as an optical distortion of an image caused by a lens. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

62. LENS DEFECTS: Chromatic aberration - caused by a lens having a different refractive index for different wavelengths of light. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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64. Achromatic lens – a lens corrected to bring together the yellow and blue – violet rays so that no color fingers will appear in the final image. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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66. Parallax error – is an apparent displacement of an object when viewed at two different angles or when the person looking at the object changes position. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

67. Parallax error MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

68. Astigmatism – a fault of a lens, caused by slight non- uniformity of refraction which prevents a sharp focus being obtained simultaneously upon both vertical and horizontal lines. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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70. v Astigmatism MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

71. Aspherical lens – a lens in which one surface departs from a true spherical aberration . MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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74. Basic Parts Of Camera Light thigh box Lens Shutter A shutter release Holder Of Sensitized Materials View finder MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

75. Basic Parts Of Camera MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

76. Camera Body Light thigh box – located in the body is a light proof compartment in which film is held and expose. - exclude unwanted light that might expose the sensitized materials or film. It is an enclosure that devoid light. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

77. SHUTTER Is a spring activated mechanical device, keeps light from entering the camera except during the interval of exposure. Control light the length of time that light enters a camera, a shutter placed behind the diaphragm. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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80. How a Shutter Works: Shutter speed – the length of time it takes for the spring to pull the hole past the lens opening. Shutter release – is the button you push to take a picture. It opens the shutter so that light comes into the camera and forms an mage on the film. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

81. Holder Of Sensitized Materials It is located at the opposite side of the lens. Its function is to hold firmly the sensitized material in its place during exposure to prevent formation blurred image of the subject. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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83. VIEW FINDER It is an instrument in determining then field of view of the camera or the extent of the coverage of the lens. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

84. Camera Basic Operations MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

85. Types Of Camera Single lens reflex (SLR) camera – this type of camera allows the photographer to view a subject through the main lens of the camera. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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87. SLR Mechanics MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

88. SING LENS REFLEX CAMERA MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

89. Instant Camera/ Polariod camera - MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

90. t Twins-lens Reflex Camera or TLR (21/ 2 Camera system, one of which focuses on the film when the shutter is opened. The other reflects a similar image up toward the top of the camera and focuses it upside down and reversed on a ground glass screen. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

91. Twins-lens Reflex Camera MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

92. VIEW FINDER CAMERA MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

93. VIEW FINDER MECHANICS MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

94. FILM Film contains minute grains of silver halide suspended in animal gelatin and coated on celluloid material. Is a sheet of celluloid used as a base for photographic sensitive material. A cellulose tape or plate where silver salts are suspended, capable of recording light. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

95. The Basic Parts of the Film Base Emulsion Anti – halation banking MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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97. Film Base A film is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it. Despite the numerous layers and coatings associated with the emulsion layer, the base generally accounts for the vast majority of the thickness of any given film stock. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

98. Emulsion A suspension of a sensitive silver salt or a mixture of silver halides in a viscous medium ( as a gelatin solution) forming a coating on photographic plates, film or paper. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

99. Anti – halation banking A layer found in modern photographic film. It is placed between the light sensitive emulsion and the tough film base, or sometimes on the back of the film base. The light that passes through the emulsion and the base is absorbed by the opaque anti-halation layer. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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101. Characteristics of B & W Films Emulsion speed Spectral sensitivity Granularity or Graininess Emulsion speed ASA (American Standards Associations) rating. This is expressed in arithmetical value. DIN (Deutsche Industrie Normen ) rating, which expressed in the logarithmic value. ISO (International Standards Organization) rating. This is expressed in the combined arithmetical and logarithmic value. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

102. Spectral sensitivity Blue sensitive film – sensitive to UV rays and blue color only. Orthochromatic film – sensitive to UV rays , to blue and green color. It is not sensitive to red color only. Panchromatic film – sensitive to UV radiation to blue, green and red light or all colors. Infrared film – sensitive to UV rays, to blue, green, red light and infrared rays. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

103. Granularity or Graininess - this refers to the size of the metalic silver grains that are formed after development of an exposed film. - generally, the size of metallic silver are dependent on the emulsion speed of the type of developing solution that is used in processing. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

104. Film speed – film sensitivity to light. Shutter speed – how long light is allowed through the lens.\ Lens speed – largest opening of a lens ( smallest f/-number) MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

105. EXPOSURES Is making a photographic record by exposing sensitive material to light action, the quantity of light allowed to act is expressed in terms of the length of time the action is allowed to continue with effective lens aperture used. Is a simply a combination of the aperture and shutter speed. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

106. Over exposure – refers to film exposure with too great light action resulting from a long period of exposure with too large lens opening. Under–exposure – refers to insufficient light action during exposure, too high shutter speed, too small lens aperture or a combination of the factors. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

107. Lens Opening The size of lens opening is referred to as the f-stop or 1-number. As the f-stop decreases, the size of the lens opening increases. It gets bigger in such a way that each lends opening lets in exactly twice as much as the preceding opening. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

108. Diaphragm – the mechanical device which allows and conveniently to adjust the aperture. It is an integral part of the lens system. It is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its center. The role of diaphragm is to STOP the passage of light, except for the light passing through the aperture. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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110. Filters – a sheet of colored material that is placed before the camera lens, which absorbs certain colors and allows other to pass through. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

111. Focal distance – distance of any obejct upon which the lens is focused. Focal plane – the palne in which sharp focus lies. Regarded as the surface of the film or plate. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

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113. Depth of field – the distance from the closest clear object in a photograph to the farthest clear object; the nearest and farthest distance apparently in sharp focus on a given object being photographed. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

114. Concept of Exposure We expose film to light so that image of the object or subject will be recorded in the sensitized material through the manipulation of lens aperture and shutter speed. Exposure determines how much light gets to the film. The amount of light allowed to get inside the camera to reach the sensitized material (film) is controlled by the lens aperture and shutter speed. The combination of the two is necessary to capture the proper quantity of light. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

115. FILM DEVELOPMENT A process whereby photographic film is treated after photographic exposure to produce the desire negative or positive image. The process transforms the latent image into a visible image and makes it permanent. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

116. Film developer – it is a chemical agent or solution (in Kodak developer, D-76 is used) which causes development to take place. Stop bath – an acid bath which instantly checks the process of development. Fixer – a solution used for removing the residual sensitive silver from a development film thereby rendering the image permanently. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

117. Over – development – refers to development at too long a time at too high temperature resulting in excessive contrast. Under – development – means insufficient development due to either solution is too weak or overworked; too low temperature, insufficient agitation thus resulting in a thin negative lacking contrast. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

118. Cardinals in Film Development Developing Washing Stop bath Fixing Washing / Rinsing Drying MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

119. QUESTIONS MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

120. Thank you MARK LESTER FLORES 2012

121. MARK LESTER FLORES 2012 Name: MARK LESTER M. FLORES Status: Married Age: 22, years old B- DAY : Dec 4, 2013 Connected: Gov. Alfonso D. Tan College Tangub CITY Contact # : 09061424768