Poultry-nutrition.pdf

Feeding management and nutrition requirements for different categories of poultry

1. SCIENTIC FEEDING OF
BROILERS, LAYER AND
OTHER BIRDS
Dept. of Animal Nutrition
Co. V. Sc. & AH Jabalpur (M.P.)

2. Six Major Classes of Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Protein Fats Vitamins
Minerals Water

3. Water
Thewaterrequirementisdependenton
i.Age
ii.Functionalstatus
iii.Environmentaltemperature
iv.Otherfactors
Waterisgiventothebirdsadlibitum.Usually,birdsdrinkwaterdouble
thequantityoffeed.Insummer,thiscanbemorethanthreetimesthe
quantityoffeed.Waterisnotrestrictedtothebirds,exceptunder
specialcircumstances,i.e.forinitiationofmoltincertainprogrammes.

4. Energy:
Theintakeofenergybyachickenisgovernedby
i.Energy content of the diet
ii.Productive state
iii.Nutritional adequacy
iv.Other factors

5. Protein
Someaminoacidshavetobeprovidedindietasthechicken
cannotsynthesizethemortheydosoinadequately.Suchamino
acidsarecalledessentialaminoacids.
Aminoacidsrequiredbutsynthesizedinthebodyadequatelyare
knownasnon-essentialaminoacids.
Amongtheessentialaminoacids,certainaminoacidsarelikelyto
belowinpracticalfeedsandtheseareknownascriticalaminoacids.
Amongthecriticalaminoacids,lysineandmethioninearethe
mostdeficientaminoacidsandareknownaslimitingaminoacids.

7. Minerals
Severalfactorsinfluencetherequirementsof
minerals.Theseare:
i.Breed of the chicken ii. Age of the chicken
iii.Animal adaptation iv. Level of production
v.Chemical form vi. Interrelation with other elements

8. Essential minerals* Critical minerals Remarks
Major Minerals
Calcium (Ca) Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P) Phosphorus
(nonphytin) (NPP)
Sodium (Na) Sodium
Chlorine (Cl) Chlorine
Magnesium (Mg) Not deficient in
practical diet
Potassium (K) Not deficient in
practical diet
Sulphur Not deficient in
practical diet

9. Trace Minerals
Manganese (Mn) Manganese (Mn)
Zinc (Zn) Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe) Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu) Copper (Cu)
Iodine (I) Iodine (I)
Selenium (Se) Selenium (Se)**

10. Essential
Vitamins
Critical Vitamins Remarks
Chicks Layers
Fatsolublevitamins
VitaminA VitaminA VitaminA
VitaminD
3 VitaminD
3 VitaminD
3
VitaminE VitaminE Improves immunity.
Additionmay be
beneficial under
stressconditions
VitaminK VitaminK
List of vitamins to be supplemented in poultry diet

11. Watersolublevitamins
Thiamine
(VitaminB
1) Notdeficitinpractical
diets
Riboflavin
(VitaminB
2)
Riboflavin
(VitaminB
2)
Riboflavin
(VitaminB
2)
Pyridoxine
(VitaminB
6)
Pyridoxine
(VitaminB
6)
Pyridoxine
(VitaminB
6)
Feedingredientsmay
notsupplyadequate
amounts.
PantothenicacidPantothenic
acid
Pantothenic
acid
Niacin Niacin Niacin
Biotin Feed ingredients
supply sufficient
biotinandfolicacid
forgrowthandegg
production

12. Folic acid
Choline Choline Supplemental
choline may be
necessary to
mobilise fat.
Vitamin B
12
(Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin B
12
(Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin B
12
(Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin C Improves immunity
beneficial under
stress

13. Vitaminsupplements:
Natural feedstuffs provide some vitamins forpoultry.
Vitamin premixes are commonly used to provide therequired
vitamins inpoultry.
Routinelysupplemented
Watersoluble
B-complexvitamins
Fatsoluble
A, D, E and K

14. Feeding of Broilers

15. Broilers
•Abroilerisanychickenthatisbredandraised
specificallyformeatproduction.
•Mostcommercialbroilersreachslaughter
weightbetweenfourandsixweeksofage.

16. Phases
•CommercialWhitebroilersaregenerally
rearedunderthreephases,
Pre-starterphase(0-14daysofage)
Starterphase(14-21daysofage)
Finisherphase(21-42daysofage)
•Toachieve2to2.5kgmarketbodyweight.

25. Efficiency parameters
•Feed Coversion Ratio
•Feed Efficiency Ratio
•Performance Index

28. Therequirementofotheraminoacidswerecalculated
asproportionofLysrequirement:
Arg110-114
Ile73
Leu109
Val82
Phe65
His32
Trp18%.
Requirementofdigestibleaminoacidwascalculated
basedonthedigestibilitycoefficients:
forLys0.90;Met0.90;Thr0.84;Arg00.92;Ile0.88
Leu0.93;Val0.87;Phe0.89;His0.88andTrp0.91%.

29. Egg Type Pullets
Hensmaybetypedforproductionof:
Tableeggs(layinghens)
Settableeggs(breedinghens)
Replacementpulletsaregenerallyrearedinthreephases:
Starter(0-8weeksofage)
Grower(8-20weeksofage)
Layer(20weeksorabove).
Formeetingthenutrientrequirement,particularlythatofcalciumat
onsetoflay,pre-layphase(17/18–20weeks)isrecommended.
Layingphaseisoftendividedinto
PhaseI(20-30weeks)
PhaseII(>30weeks).
Incertaincountries,afive-phasefeedingsystemisfollowedviz.starter
(0-6weeksofage),growerI(6-12weeksofage),growerII(12-18weeks
ofage),growerIII(18-to1stegg)andlayer(20weeksorabove).
Nutritionandfeedinginearlypartoflifeinfluencesubsequentlaying
performance

31. ICAR-2013

32. ICAR-2013 Cont…….

33. ICAR-2013

34. ICAR-2013 Cont……

35. BIS-2007
Broilers: Pre-Starter: 1-7 d; Starter 8-21d; Finisher: 22d-market
Layers: Starter: 0-8 wks; Grower: 9-20 wks; Layer: Phase I: 21-45 wks; Phase I I: 46-72wks

36. BIS-2007 cont….

40. Thecriticalnutrientsrequiredforoptimumlaying
performanceareenergyandprotein(aminoacids).
Birdssatisfyenergyintakebyadjustingtheirdailyfeed
intake;unabletomeettheirAAneedsbyadjustingFI.
ThedailyrequirementforalltheAASchangesasthe
amountofeggmasschanges.
Italsoincreasesfrom25to40weeksofage,andthen
graduallydecreasesaseggmassdecreases.
Asthelayinghousetemperatureandenergycontentofthe
dietinfluencethefeedintake,theAAcontentinthefeed
mustbeadjustedtocompensatethosechanges.
ThepredictionformuladevelopedbyHarms(2001):
Criticalaminoacidsrequirementsare13.42,5.45,8.54,2.91,
11.82and12.73mg/gofeggmassforlysine,methionine,
threonine,tryptophan,isoleucineandvaline,respectively.

41. Amino acids can be calculated from the equation:
mg of AA / g egg mass X kcal ME consumed per day
% of amino acid in diet = ---------------------------------------------------------------
kcal ME / g egg mass X Feed consumption in mg

42. NRC(1994)recommendationsprovidemuchenergy(2,800-
2,900kcalME/kg).
Itbecomesdifficulttoprovidesuchanamountofenergy
underIndianconditions.
Thedietaryenergyleveliskeptinbetween2,500and2,750
kcalME/kgduringgrowthperiod.
Moreover,beingtropicalcountry,themaintenance
requirementisalsoslightlylower.
Lowerenergylevelisassociatedwithhigherfeed
conversionratio,highergutvolumeandsubsequenthigher
feedintake.
Inlayinghensthedietaryenergyconcentrationrangesfrom
2,550to2,700kcalME/kg.
Onanaverageonelayinghenshowing90%eggproduction
requires16-18gofproteinand285to290kcalMEperday.

43. Meetingcalciumrequirementisimportantduringoverall
growth(0.9to0.7%),butmostcrucialduringlayingphase.
Justpriortoinitiationofeggproduction,hugeamountof
calciumisstoredinbones,whichissufficientfor6to30eggs.
Therefore,calciumconcentrationisincreasedtoabout2%
ofdietaweekbeforeonsetofeggproduction.
Onceegglayingstartsbirdsmeettheircalcium
requirementsfromdietaryintakeandbodyreserve.
Thespecificgravityofegg-hellincreaseswithincreased
calciumconcentrationindiets.
WhiteLeghornhensproducing90%eggsrequiredaily
about3.8to4.2gofcalcium.
HalfofthecalciumindietshouldbesuppliedthroughLSP
andremaininghalfasgritsothattheneedyhensmayselect
andconsumecalciumasperneedandpalatabilityoffeedis
maintained.

44. Therefore,inadditiontodietarycalcium(3to3.5%),
thereshouldbecontinuousaccesstoshellgrit.
Shellgritsimprovedigestionandutilizationofother
nutrientsbyhelpinginthegrindingoffeedmaterialsinthe
gizzard.
Additionofgritofappropriatesizesinmashataninterval
ofeverytwotofourweeksmaybebeneficial.
Retentionofcalciumduringthefirst40weeksisabout
55%anddecreasesthereafterwithage.
Thus,requirementofcalciumincreaseswithage.
Heavybirdsconsumemorefeed,hencedietary
concentrationofcalciumshouldbeless.
AnyfactorthataffectsfeedintakelikeMEcontentof
diet,andenvironmentaltemperature,willaffectcalcium
concentrationinthediets.

45. TheavailablePrequirementsare0.4%instarting,0.35%
duringgrowingand0.25to0.3%inlayingphase.
Eggcontentcanbemanipulatedbynutrition.Themajor
changesthatcanbebroughtthroughnutritional
manipulationareeggsize,eggshellquality,yolk
pigmentation,eggcholesterolcontent,andconcentration
ofcertainvitamins,mineralsanddesiredfattyacids
(enrichmentofeggs).

46. ChickMash
Chickmashshouldbefedtothebirdsfromitsarrivaluntiltheaverage
bodyweightofthebirdsreaches580gms.Thisisafeed-to-weightprogram
ratherthanfeed-to-ageprogram.Bodyweightgainsarebetterwith
pelleted/crumbledfeedcomparedtomashfeed.Thereforeitis
recommendedtousepelleted/crumbledchickfeed.
GrowerMash
Thegrowerfeedshouldbefedtillflockreachesanaveragebodyweightof
1100gms.Donotadministerprelayfeedtothebirdsweighingbelow1100
gms.
PrelayFeed
Careshouldbetakentoensureprelayfeedisintroducedaftertheflock
attainsanaveragebodyweightof1100gmsandusuallyfor2to3weeks
Layer Feed
Layer feed offered to the laying birds should be formulated according to
the age of the birds and egg production. Accordingly, layer feed can be
divided into three groups i.e. Phase I , Phase II and Phase III. Phase I feed
should be given upto the age of 40 weeks and later Phase II ration may be
given. Phase III feed should be given after the age of 60 weeks.

51. JAPANESE QUAILS
Japanesequails(Coturnixcoturnixjaponica)
arerearedintensivelyforcommercialmeatand
eggproduction.
Quailsarealsoimportantlaboratorybirdsbecauseoftheirsmallsize
andshortlifespan.
Quailpossesscharacteristicsoffastgrowth,earlysexualmaturity
andhighrateofeggproduction.
Theyareprolificbreedersandhavetheabilitytoproduce4
generationsinayear.
Quailsareimmunologicallymorepotentthanchicken,needno
vaccination,littleornomedication,toughtoenvironmental
constraintsduetoinherentabilitytogrowundernaturalconditions
Quilsmeatandeggscontainlessfatandcholesterolandthusare
morehealthyandfriendlytocardiacpatients.

52. Broiler quail chicks
Biphasicrearingsystem(0-3and3-5weeks)
Quailbroilersachievebodyweightofabout180-
240gat35days.
Thegrowthrateisveryhighduringthefirstthree
weeksofageanddecreasesthereafterat4thand5th
weeksofage.

53. Layer quail chicks
Femalesgrowfasterthanmalesandat5thweekofage,the
differenceisabout10-20g.
Theystarttolayatabout6thweekofageandabout50%egg
productionisachievedat42to49daysofage;9-30weeks=80%egg
production
Their live weight at hatch is about 6-8 g
Eggmassoutputasperthebodyweightismorethanofchicken,
thus,therequirementsofenergy,proteinandaminoacidsin
layer/breederrationarehigher.
Eggweightofegglinequailsisabout10g.
The10geggcontains7.46gwater,1.31gprotein,1.12gfatand
0.11goftotalash.
Theaveragedailyfeedintakeisabout25g.
Theminimumdailyproteinrequirementislessthan4.7gand
energyis60kcalMEperlayer.

54. ICAR 2013

55. DUCKS
Theyareraisedforbothmeatandeggs.
DuckrearingismorecommoninentirecoastalbeltinIndia.
WhitePekinisthemostpreferredmeattypeduckbreed.
Amongegg-layingbreeds,KhakiCampbellisthebest:300
eggsperyearandeggweight65to75g.
Theythrivewellinscavengingconditions.
Duckssupplementtheirfeedintakebyforaging.
Theyeatfallengrainsinpaddyfields,insects,snails,
earthworms,smallfishesandotheraquaticmaterials.
Theydonotrequireanyelaboratehouseslikechicken.
Ducksarequitehardy,moreeasilybroodedandmore
resistanttocommonaviandiseases.
Marshyriverside,wetlandandbarrenmoorsareexcellent
quartersforduckfarming.

56. Poultry Duck
Egg Production60-80 eggs
Year/B
Back yard
130-140/D/Year
So 40-50 eggs more
Duration of egg
production
1 year
Commercially
viable
2-3 years
Commercially viable
Egg wt. 50-60 g 65-70 g
Protein content more
Egg shell Thin Thick
Less transportation loss
Management More Less
Immunity poor Immunity higher
Mortality highLess mortality

57. Eggs Poultry Duck
Av. wt 52.0 g 67.0 g
Albumin % 55.8 g 52.6 g
York % 31.9 35.4
Shell thickness 0.31 mm 0.33 mm
CP % 12.9 % 13. 5%
Energy kcal
/100g
148 150
Colesterolmg/g 12.0 6.50
Ca mg/g 0.60 0.70
P mg/g 2.0 2.60

58. Ducksaresuitableforintegratedfarmingsystemssuchasduck-cum-
fishfarmingandduckfarmingwithricecultivation.
Induck-cum-fishfarmingdroppingsofducksserveasfeedforfishes
andnootherfeedormanuringofthepondisnecessaryforfishes
(200-300ducksperhectareofwastearea).
Underintegratedduckfarmingwithricecultivation,ducksperform
fouressentialfunctionsviz.intertillageastheysearchforfood,their
billsloosenupthesoilaroundthericeplants,weeding,insectcontrol
andmanuring.
Ducksalsoreducetheincidencesofschistosomiasis,amphistomiasis
andfascioliasis.
Thoughduckisawaterfowlandveryfondofwater,waterfor
swimmingisnotessentialatanystageofduckrearing.

59. Nutrients Starter Grower
0-2 weeks 3-7weeks
ME(Kcal/kg) 2900 2900
CP% 22 16
Ly% 1.1 0.9
Meth.% 0.4 0.3
Ca% 0.65 0.60
P% 0.40 0.35
Nutrient requirements of Broiler Duck ( NRC, 1994)

60. Age B.wt
kg
Feed
Consumption
kg
FCR
1wk 0.19 0.21 1.14
2wk 0.60 0.97 1.61
3wk 1.11 2.25 2.02
4wk 1.68 3.79 2.26
5wk 2.18 5.42 2.48
6wk 2.58 7.17 2.78
7wk 2.95 9.09 3.08
8wk 3.29 11.11 3.38
Production performance of White pecking duck (Straight run)

61. Nutrient Requirement of Layer duck (ICAR 2013)

62. GUINEA FOWL
Itissuperiorasfreerangebird.
Threemajorvarietiesofguineafowl:
Pearl,LavenderandWhite.
Guineafowlsarerearedprimarilyformeatpurpose.
TheCARIhasdevelopedimprovedguineafowl:
Kadambari,ChitambariandSwetambari.
Theyareresistanttomanycommondiseasesofchicken,
donotneedelaborateandexpensivehousing,have
excellentforagingcapabilities,aremoretolerantto
mycotoxinsandhavemeatlowincholesterol.
Theyweigh500-550gat8weeksand900-1000gat12
weeksofage
Theystartlayingwhen230-250daysofage.
Averageeggweightrangesfrom38to40g.
.

63. ICAR-2013

64. TURKEY
TurkeysarenativeoftheNorthAmerica.
TheywerefirstdomesticatedinEurope.
Theyarenowimportantsourceofmeatinmanypartsof
theworld.
Thebirdissuitableforfreerange,semi-intensiveand
intensivesystemsofrearing.
Turkeybirdsarelesssensitivetodietaryenergylevelbut
theyrequiremoreprotein(28%CP)andaminoacidsduring
earlierpartoflife(NRC,1994).
Theyhavespecialrequirementsforlysineand
methionine.
Lysinehasspecialroleinfeathering,aslysine-deficient
Bronzepoultsshowacharacteristicwhitebarringofthe
primaryandsecondaryfeathersofthewings.