POULTRY proper management practices .ppt
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Jul 09, 2024
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About This Presentation
poultry
Slide Content
Objectives of the course
•To understand the requirements of
Proper poultry management practices
and how they can be met
•Poultry
•Management requirements
•Proper management practices
•To understand the requirements of
Proper poultry management practices
and how they can be met
•Poultry
•Management requirements
•Proper management practices
.
•MBAGA S.H
•MBAGA S.H
AS 304Course outline
1.Introduction
2.The poultry industry in Tanzania
3.Systems of Poultry Management
4.Poultry Housing and Equipment
5.Incubation and Hatchery Management
6.Management of Poultry at Different stages
7.Poultry Nutrition
8.Poultry Biosecurity
1.Introduction
2.The poultry industry in Tanzania
3.Systems of Poultry Management
4.Poultry Housing and Equipment
5.Incubation and Hatchery Management
6.Management of Poultry at Different stages
7.Poultry Nutrition
8.Poultry Biosecurity
Introduction
Chicken, turkey, ducks and goose are all types of birds
called poultry.
They are reared for meat and eggs.
Chicken, turkey, ducks and goose are all types of birds
called poultry.
They are reared for meat and eggs.
Classification of Poultry
•Phasiniadae are pheasant type birds that
include:-
•Chickens (Domestic fowl-Gallus gallus)
•Turkeys(Meleagris galloparo)
•Japanese quail(Cortunix cortunix)
•Guinea fowl(Numida spp.)
•Pigeons (Columbia livia)
•Ostrich(Struthio spp.)
•Pea fowl(Pavo spp.).
•Phasiniadae are pheasant type birds that
include:-
•Chickens (Domestic fowl-Gallus gallus)
•Turkeys(Meleagris galloparo)
•Japanese quail(Cortunix cortunix)
•Guinea fowl(Numida spp.)
•Pigeons (Columbia livia)
•Ostrich(Struthio spp.)
•Pea fowl(Pavo spp.).
Classification continue
•Anatidae family are waterfowl that
include
–Common duck(Anas platyrhynchos)
–Muscovy duck(Cairina moschata)
–Geese(Anser anser).
•Anatidae family are waterfowl that
include
–Common duck(Anas platyrhynchos)
–Muscovy duck(Cairina moschata)
–Geese(Anser anser).
Classification of chickens cont
•The Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus or Gallus
bankiva) is the main ancestor of the domestic
chicken
•A breedmeans a group of birds which possesses a
given set of physical features, such as body shape,
skin color, and number of toes.
•Differences among breeds within a class are
normally observed with respect to body size, shape,
skin color etc.
•But within a breed birds are fairly identical although
variations can be observed in feather color, pattern
and comb type
•The Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus or Gallus
bankiva) is the main ancestor of the domestic
chicken
•A breedmeans a group of birds which possesses a
given set of physical features, such as body shape,
skin color, and number of toes.
•Differences among breeds within a class are
normally observed with respect to body size, shape,
skin color etc.
•But within a breed birds are fairly identical although
variations can be observed in feather color, pattern
and comb type
Classification of chickens cont
•A varietyis a subdivision of the breed.
–Distinguishable features of a variety are comb
type (single, rose or pea combed).
–Plumage type and feather pattern.
•A strainis a cross that has been bred and developed
by a person or organization to possess certain
desirable characteristics
•Many commercial strains exist, such as Babcock,
DeKalb, Hyline, and Shaver, have been bred for
specific purposes.
•A varietyis a subdivision of the breed.
–Distinguishable features of a variety are comb
type (single, rose or pea combed).
–Plumage type and feather pattern.
•A strainis a cross that has been bred and developed
by a person or organization to possess certain
desirable characteristics
•Many commercial strains exist, such as Babcock,
DeKalb, Hyline, and Shaver, have been bred for
specific purposes.
Dual Purpose breeds
•Used to produce both meat and eggs e.g. Sasso,
Kuroiler, Rhode Island Reds or Plymouth Rock
•Dual purpose breeds may have a role to play where
it is not possible to get better breeds or conditions
not ideal or feed is not of the best quality
•
•Used to produce both meat and eggs e.g. Sasso,
Kuroiler, Rhode Island Reds or Plymouth Rock
•Dual purpose breeds may have a role to play where
it is not possible to get better breeds or conditions
not ideal or feed is not of the best quality
•
Hybrids
•Hybrids (cross-breeds) selected for either meat or egg
production (not both) are used are used for commercial
production.
Crossing utilize Hybrid vigour/heterosis
•Hybrids (cross-breeds) selected for either meat or egg
production (not both) are used are used for commercial
production.
Crossing utilize Hybrid vigour/heterosis
The Poultry Industry
The current population of chickens is estimated
at 72 million, of which 40 million are
indigenous chicken and the remaining 32
million are exotic poultry, which include
-24 million broilers and 8 million layers.
-Among the existing 4.7 million agricultural
households in Tanzania, 3.7 million
households keep chickens.
The current population of chickens is estimated
at 72 million, of which 40 million are
indigenous chicken and the remaining 32
million are exotic poultry, which include
-24 million broilers and 8 million layers.
-Among the existing 4.7 million agricultural
households in Tanzania, 3.7 million
households keep chickens.
Challenges
Commercialisation of the poultry sector is
lagging behind due to:
•unorganised markets for poultry and poultry
products
•Unreliable supply of day-old chicks (DOCs)
•Lack of reliable supply of quality poultry feeds
•High veterinary and poultry feed costs and
lack of poultry processing industries.
Commercialisation of the poultry sector is
lagging behind due to:
•unorganised markets for poultry and poultry
products
•Unreliable supply of day-old chicks (DOCs)
•Lack of reliable supply of quality poultry feeds
•High veterinary and poultry feed costs and
lack of poultry processing industries.
Challenges….
The poultry sector is also suffering from chaotic and
unorganised distribution system and lack of third-
party logistics cold chain for poultry and poultry
products’ movements from farm to consumers
Due to underdeveloped production (hatchery
technologies) and processing equipment and
technologies Tanzania has remained net importer
of parent stock and fertilised eggs and significant
volume of processed poultry products.
The poultry sector is also suffering from chaotic and
unorganised distribution system and lack of third-
party logistics cold chain for poultry and poultry
products’ movements from farm to consumers
Due to underdeveloped production (hatchery
technologies) and processing equipment and
technologies Tanzania has remained net importer
of parent stock and fertilised eggs and significant
volume of processed poultry products.
Challenges….
Tanzania also imports soymeal and other key
additives for poultry feed, poultry production
and processing equipment, and veterinary
products.
Tanzania imports parent stock and fertilised eggs
mainly from the Netherlands, Kenya, France,
Zambia, Great Britain, and India.
Import processed poultry products from mainly
from the USA, Brazil, the UAE, and Russia.
Tanzania also imports soymeal and other key
additives for poultry feed, poultry production
and processing equipment, and veterinary
products.
Tanzania imports parent stock and fertilised eggs
mainly from the Netherlands, Kenya, France,
Zambia, Great Britain, and India.
Import processed poultry products from mainly
from the USA, Brazil, the UAE, and Russia.
Opportunities
•The Tanzania poultry sector is ripe for
investment with opportunities ranging from
input supply all the way across the value chain
to retailing and exporting.
•The poultry industry in Tanzania has continued
to record steady growth whereby during the
year 2013 about 61 million day-old-chicks
(DOC) were produced and in the year 2014
about 63.1 million DOCs were produced
•The Tanzania poultry sector is ripe for
investment with opportunities ranging from
input supply all the way across the value chain
to retailing and exporting.
•The poultry industry in Tanzania has continued
to record steady growth whereby during the
year 2013 about 61 million day-old-chicks
(DOC) were produced and in the year 2014
about 63.1 million DOCs were produced
Opotunities…
•The production of DOC is likely to increase as
time goes by, due to new investments in
poultry breeding farms and hatcheries.
Tanzania has steadily entered the export
market for DOCs.
•Currently thousand of flock owners have
adopted poultry farming as an economic unit,
a means of livelihood and a source of income
•The production of DOC is likely to increase as
time goes by, due to new investments in
poultry breeding farms and hatcheries.
Tanzania has steadily entered the export
market for DOCs.
•Currently thousand of flock owners have
adopted poultry farming as an economic unit,
a means of livelihood and a source of income
Emerging poultry associations
•Tanzania Smallholder Poultry Forum
•Tanzania Animal Feed Manufacturers
Association(TAFMA)
•TanzaniaTanzaniaLayer Farmers Association(TALFA)
•UshirikawaWafugajiKuku
Morogoro(UWAFUKUMO)
•UmojawaWafugajiwaKuku Dar esSalaam)
•African Women in Agribusiness Network Company
Ltd(AWAN)
•Tanzania Smallholder Poultry Forum
•Tanzania Animal Feed Manufacturers
Association(TAFMA)
•TanzaniaTanzaniaLayer Farmers Association(TALFA)
•UshirikawaWafugajiKuku
Morogoro(UWAFUKUMO)
•UmojawaWafugajiwaKuku Dar esSalaam)
•African Women in Agribusiness Network Company
Ltd(AWAN)
Emerging poultry associations
•Envisions African women in agribusinesses Arusha
Poultry Keepers Association(APOKA) Tanzania
Broiler Farmers Association(TABROFA)
•Tanzania Veterinary Paraprofessionals
Association(TAVEPA)
•Commercial Poultry Association(TCPA)Mwanza
Multipurpose Cooperative Society Tanzania Poultry
Breeders Association(TPBA) etc etc
•Such association provide opportunities to resolve
challenges facing the industry sector-wise
including lobbying with the Gov
•
•Envisions African women in agribusinesses Arusha
Poultry Keepers Association(APOKA) Tanzania
Broiler Farmers Association(TABROFA)
•Tanzania Veterinary Paraprofessionals
Association(TAVEPA)
•Commercial Poultry Association(TCPA)Mwanza
Multipurpose Cooperative Society Tanzania Poultry
Breeders Association(TPBA) etc etc
•Such association provide opportunities to resolve
challenges facing the industry sector-wise
including lobbying with the Gov
•
POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
•Poultry production systems in the tropics can be
divided into two distinct systems,
–differentiated on the basis of flock sizes and
input-output relationships
Intensive large-scale systems with high
purchased-inputs and high risk
Traditional small-scale systems with low
purchased-inputs and low risk
•Poultry production systems in the tropics can be
divided into two distinct systems,
–differentiated on the basis of flock sizes and
input-output relationships
Intensive large-scale systems with high
purchased-inputs and high risk
Traditional small-scale systems with low
purchased-inputs and low risk
.
In between these systems there is the semi
intensive system/back-yard system
•Large-scale intensive production systems,
especially those producing broilers and eggs,
are found throughout the tropics; but they
represent only a small portion of the total
animal industry in most areas.
In between these systems there is the semi
intensive system/back-yard system
•Large-scale intensive production systems,
especially those producing broilers and eggs,
are found throughout the tropics; but they
represent only a small portion of the total
animal industry in most areas.
Intensive systems
•These systems are used by medium to large-scale
commercial enterprises.
•Birds are fully confined either in houses or cages.
•Capital outlay is higher and the birds are totally
dependent on their owners for all their
requirements; production however is higher.
•Intensive systems of rearing indigenous chickens
commercially is uncommon
•These systems are used by medium to large-scale
commercial enterprises.
•Birds are fully confined either in houses or cages.
•Capital outlay is higher and the birds are totally
dependent on their owners for all their
requirements; production however is higher.
•Intensive systems of rearing indigenous chickens
commercially is uncommon
Intensive system…..
•The intensive system is based on specialized
breeds,
–< 30 % of total poultry population in Africa.
•Mainly in urban areas, where there are markets
for eggs and chicken meat.
•Producers use
–standard practices,
–breeds of choice depending on production
objectives, appropriate housing,
–Feeding , health and disease control program.
•The intensive system is based on specialized
breeds,
–< 30 % of total poultry population in Africa.
•Mainly in urban areas, where there are markets
for eggs and chicken meat.
•Producers use
–standard practices,
–breeds of choice depending on production
objectives, appropriate housing,
–Feeding , health and disease control program.
Intensive cont:
•Feed resource is a major input in the intensive
systems, accounting for over 60% of total
production costs.
•Intensive broiler and egg production systems:
utilizes from three to four grams of feed protein
for every gram of food protein produced.
•In addition it also requires
–artificial incubation, brooding, artificial light,
confinement buildings, balanced feeds,
mechanized equipment and professional
supervision.
•Feed resource is a major input in the intensive
systems, accounting for over 60% of total
production costs.
•Intensive broiler and egg production systems:
utilizes from three to four grams of feed protein
for every gram of food protein produced.
•In addition it also requires
–artificial incubation, brooding, artificial light,
confinement buildings, balanced feeds,
mechanized equipment and professional
supervision.
Types of intensive systems
24
Deep litter
system:
•Birdsarefullyconfinedwithinahouse3to4birds/m²)butcanmovearoundfreely.
•Theflooriscoveredwithadeeplitter(5to10cmdeeplayer)ofgrainhusks
(maizeorrice),straw,woodshavingsorasimilarlyabsorbent,non-toxicmaterial.
•Suitableforcommercialbreedsofeggormeatproducingpoultry(layers,breeder
flocksandbroilers).
Slatted floor
system:
•Wireorwoodenslattedfloorsareusedinsteadofdeeplitter,whichallowstocking
ratestobeincreasedtofivebirds/m²offloorspace
•Birdshavereducedcontactwithfaecesandareallowedsomefreedomof
movement.
•Faecescanbecollectedfrombelowtheslattedfloorandusedasfertilizer.
Battery cage
system:
•Usuallyusedforlayingbirds,whicharekeptthroughouttheirproductivelifein
smallcages.
•Highinitialcapitalinvestment,andthesystemismostlyconfinedtolarge-scale
commercialegglayeroperations.
24
Deep litter
system:
•Birdsarefullyconfinedwithinahouse3to4birds/m²)butcanmovearoundfreely.
•Theflooriscoveredwithadeeplitter(5to10cmdeeplayer)ofgrainhusks
(maizeorrice),straw,woodshavingsorasimilarlyabsorbent,non-toxicmaterial.
•Suitableforcommercialbreedsofeggormeatproducingpoultry(layers,breeder
flocksandbroilers).
Slatted floor
system:
•Wireorwoodenslattedfloorsareusedinsteadofdeeplitter,whichallowstocking
ratestobeincreasedtofivebirds/m²offloorspace
•Birdshavereducedcontactwithfaecesandareallowedsomefreedomof
movement.
•Faecescanbecollectedfrombelowtheslattedfloorandusedasfertilizer.
Battery cage
system:
•Usuallyusedforlayingbirds,whicharekeptthroughouttheirproductivelifein
smallcages.
•Highinitialcapitalinvestment,andthesystemismostlyconfinedtolarge-scale
commercialegglayeroperations.
Intensive system (deep litter)
Intensive system (Battery cage)
Intensive Free range
Extensive system
•Scavenging is the main feeding system.
•Chickens cannot be guaranteed a balanced diet
from scavenging.
–To achieve a well-balanced diet, they are
sometimes supplemented with feeds.
–Characterised by high mortality
–Low-input low -output system
•Scavenging is the main feeding system.
•Chickens cannot be guaranteed a balanced diet
from scavenging.
–To achieve a well-balanced diet, they are
sometimes supplemented with feeds.
–Characterised by high mortality
–Low-input low -output system
Extensive system
Characteristics of poultry management systems
Production system No of eggs
per hen/year
No of eggs for
consumption &
sale
Suitable
breeds
Scavenging (free-range) 20-30 0 local breeds
Improved scavenging
and health care
40-60 10-20 local breeds
Semi-intensive 100 30-50 hybrids or
local
Intensive (deep litter) 160-180 50-60 hybrids
Intensive (cages) 250-300 250-300 hybrids
Production system No of eggs
per hen/year
No of eggs for
consumption &
sale
Suitable
breeds
Scavenging (free-range) 20-30 0 local breeds
Improved scavenging
and health care
40-60 10-20 local breeds
Semi-intensive 100 30-50 hybrids or
local
Intensive (deep litter) 160-180 50-60 hybrids
Intensive (cages) 250-300 250-300 hybrids
Type
Traditionalfreerange
(Lowinput/lowoutput)
Improvedfreerange
Lowinput/mediumoutput
Smallscaleconfined
Highinput/highoutput
Birds Indigenous Indigenous/crosses Hybrids
Number 1-10 5-50 50-2000
Area Rural Rural/peri-urban Periurban/urban
Ownership Women/children Women/children/family Any
Reason Homeconsumption/sale
athome
Homeconsumption/saleat
home/localmarkets
Soldtotraders/
markets/restaurants
Income Smallcashincome Familyincome Businessincome
Social
Input Low Microcredit Loans
Diseasecontrol
Mortality high Moderate Low
Feeds and
Feeding
Scavenging Supplements Ownorcommercial
Housing Poor Modest Good
Egg
prodn/hen/year
30-50 50-150 250-300
Growthrate 5-10/day 10-20g/day 50-55g/day
Broodiness Longperiods Shortperiods Limited
Traditionalfreerange
(Lowinput/lowoutput)
Improvedfreerange
Lowinput/mediumoutput
Smallscaleconfined
Highinput/highoutput
Birds Indigenous Indigenous/crosses Hybrids
Number 1-10 5-50 50-2000
Area Rural Rural/peri-urban Periurban/urban
Ownership Women/children Women/children/family Any
Reason Homeconsumption/sale
athome
Homeconsumption/saleat
home/localmarkets
Soldtotraders/
markets/restaurants
Income Smallcashincome Familyincome Businessincome
Social
Input Low Microcredit Loans
Diseasecontrol
Mortality high Moderate Low
Feeds and
Feeding
Scavenging Supplements Ownorcommercial
Housing Poor Modest Good
Egg
prodn/hen/year
30-50 50-150 250-300
Growthrate 5-10/day 10-20g/day 50-55g/day
Broodiness Longperiods Shortperiods Limited
Adequate space & ventilation
Clean housing & bedding material
Access to water at all times
Nutritionally complete food
Protection from predators
Protection from extreme temperatures
Management of Birds Includes Providing
Clean housing & bedding material
Access to water at all times
Nutritionally complete food
Protection from predators
Protection from extreme temperatures
Management of Birds Includes Providing
Poultry Housing
•To protect birds from severe weather, direct
sun rays and rain.
•To minimize effect of dampness.
•To provide safety from predators.
•To apply appropriate management practices
•To provide suitable atmosphere for
expression of full genetic potential.
•To protect birds from severe weather, direct
sun rays and rain.
•To minimize effect of dampness.
•To provide safety from predators.
•To apply appropriate management practices
•To provide suitable atmosphere for
expression of full genetic potential.
Type of poultry houses
i) Simple, modest, expensive
Depending on weather we can have
Open side house
(Conventional Broiler House-Deep
litter rearing
Controlled Environment (non-
conventional-closed)
i) Simple, modest, expensive
Depending on weather we can have
Open side house
(Conventional Broiler House-Deep
litter rearing
Controlled Environment (non-
conventional-closed)
Type of poultry houses
Housing
•Positioningof the house is an important
consideration in order
–to protect poultry from wind and rain storms
–to prevent direct sunlight from entering the house
and stressing the birds
–to have good drainage around the house to protect it
from flooding
–to avail of the prevailing wind to cool the house in a
warm climate
•Positioningof the house is an important
consideration in order
–to protect poultry from wind and rain storms
–to prevent direct sunlight from entering the house
and stressing the birds
–to have good drainage around the house to protect it
from flooding
–to avail of the prevailing wind to cool the house in a
warm climate
.
•The house should have:
a roof with a steep slope to allow rainwater to
run off, and have a good overhang
The house should have high roof so that a
person can stand upright
Cement floor-to allow thorough cleaning
Plastered walls-reduce mites and fleas
Walls can be made of bricks, timber, iron sheet
Large windows for ventilation (tropics)
•The house should have:
a roof with a steep slope to allow rainwater to
run off, and have a good overhang
The house should have high roof so that a
person can stand upright
Cement floor-to allow thorough cleaning
Plastered walls-reduce mites and fleas
Walls can be made of bricks, timber, iron sheet
Large windows for ventilation (tropics)
Orientation and roof
•Poultry house should be located in such a way that
the long axis is in E-W direction. Orientation should
be such that afternoon sunshine falls on the small
narrow end of the house (E-W).
•Doing so prevent direct sunshine on the birds and
increase in temperature in the house
•A naturally ventilated house should be placed in
such a way it takes advantage of natural air
movements
40
•Poultry house should be located in such a way that
the long axis is in E-W direction. Orientation should
be such that afternoon sunshine falls on the small
narrow end of the house (E-W).
•Doing so prevent direct sunshine on the birds and
increase in temperature in the house
•A naturally ventilated house should be placed in
such a way it takes advantage of natural air
movements
40
Dimension and materials of the house
•Width of the house: from front to back for open
sided should be about 10 m. Very wide houses do
not provide adequate ventilation
•Height: Should have a stud of about 2.4 m long
(i.e.distance from foundation to the roofline). In
high temp areas it can be up to 3 m
•Length:Can be any convenient but should not
exceed 12 m.
•The distance between houses should be as far as
possible but certainly not less than 10 -12 meters.
41
•Width of the house: from front to back for open
sided should be about 10 m. Very wide houses do
not provide adequate ventilation
•Height: Should have a stud of about 2.4 m long
(i.e.distance from foundation to the roofline). In
high temp areas it can be up to 3 m
•Length:Can be any convenient but should not
exceed 12 m.
•The distance between houses should be as far as
possible but certainly not less than 10 -12 meters.
41
Space Requirements, or Density of Birds per
Unit Area
•This is the most important basic principle in
housing, as the space available determines the
number and type of poultry that can be kept.
•Birds need adequate space for movement and
exercise as well as areas to nest and roost.
•Space requirements vary with
–the species, type or breed of birds that are raised,
as well as the type of production system used.
42
Unit Area
•This is the most important basic principle in
housing, as the space available determines the
number and type of poultry that can be kept.
•Birds need adequate space for movement and
exercise as well as areas to nest and roost.
•Space requirements vary with
–the species, type or breed of birds that are raised,
as well as the type of production system used.
42
Spacing
•Do not overcrowd the chickens and floor space
should be as follows:
–Chickens 0-6 weeks old: 10-12 birds/m
2
. Floor size 5m x
2m /100 birds
–Pullets to 16 weeks old: 5-7 birds/m
2
Floor size 2m x 2m
/ 25 birds
–Laying hens: 5 birds/m
2
. Floor size 5m x 2m / 25 hens
–Hens in layer cages, floor space may be 12-15 birds/ m
2
–Cage size for 3 hens: 40 cm long x 30 cm wide x 45 cm
high, for 5 hens: 50 cm long x 30 cm wide x 45 cm high
•Do not overcrowd the chickens and floor space
should be as follows:
–Chickens 0-6 weeks old: 10-12 birds/m
2
. Floor size 5m x
2m /100 birds
–Pullets to 16 weeks old: 5-7 birds/m
2
Floor size 2m x 2m
/ 25 birds
–Laying hens: 5 birds/m
2
. Floor size 5m x 2m / 25 hens
–Hens in layer cages, floor space may be 12-15 birds/ m
2
–Cage size for 3 hens: 40 cm long x 30 cm wide x 45 cm
high, for 5 hens: 50 cm long x 30 cm wide x 45 cm high
44
Minimum Requirement of Chickens for floor and perch space
Chicken
types
Floor Space
(birds/m²)
Floor
Space
(ft²/ bird)
Perch Space
(per bird)
Layer
Dual
Purpose
Meat
3
4
4-5
3.6
2.7
2.1-2.7
25 cm (10 in)
20 cm (8 in)
15-20 cm (6-8
in)
Minimum Requirement of Chickens for floor and perch space
Chicken
types
Floor Space
(birds/m²)
Floor
Space
(ft²/ bird)
Perch Space
(per bird)
Layer
Dual
Purpose
Meat
3
4
4-5
3.6
2.7
2.1-2.7
25 cm (10 in)
20 cm (8 in)
15-20 cm (6-8
in)
STRESSORS
Cold
Humidity
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Loud Noises
Beak
Trimming
Parasites
Poor
Ventilation
Mold &
Mycotoxins
NH
3/H
2S
Heat
Dust
Vaccination
Rough
Handling
Poor
Sanitation
Molting
Weighing
Pecking
Order
Feed
Restriction
Nutritional
Deficiencies
Poor Litter
Quality
Dirty Water
Crowding
Cold
Humidity
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Loud Noises
Beak
Trimming
Parasites
Poor
Ventilation
Mold &
Mycotoxins
NH
3/H
2S
Heat
Dust
Vaccination
Rough
Handling
Poor
Sanitation
Molting
Weighing
Pecking
Order
Feed
Restriction
Nutritional
Deficiencies
Poor Litter
Quality
Dirty Water
Crowding
46
Temperature
Birds like all other warm-blooded animals produce
heat, moisture and CO
2as by products of their
biological activity so as to maintain body temp
The temperature of an adult bird 41.1
o
C
The chick is unable to maintain its body temperature
for the first weeks after hatching (why?)
-Under developed feather
--Under developed heat generation mechanism
Temperature
Birds like all other warm-blooded animals produce
heat, moisture and CO
2as by products of their
biological activity so as to maintain body temp
The temperature of an adult bird 41.1
o
C
The chick is unable to maintain its body temperature
for the first weeks after hatching (why?)
-Under developed feather
--Under developed heat generation mechanism
Heat stress
•Hot weather has a severe impact on poultry
performance
•Heat stress begins when the ambient temperature
is above 26.7
o
C and is readily apparent above
29.4
o
C.
•The effects of heat stress include:
–a progressive reduction in feed intake
–an increase in water consumption in an attempt to
lower temperature
–a progressive reduction in growth rate, poor egg shell
–disturbances in reproduction (lower egg weight, smaller
chicks, reduced sperm concentration and an increased
level of abnormal sperm in cocks).
47
•Hot weather has a severe impact on poultry
performance
•Heat stress begins when the ambient temperature
is above 26.7
o
C and is readily apparent above
29.4
o
C.
•The effects of heat stress include:
–a progressive reduction in feed intake
–an increase in water consumption in an attempt to
lower temperature
–a progressive reduction in growth rate, poor egg shell
–disturbances in reproduction (lower egg weight, smaller
chicks, reduced sperm concentration and an increased
level of abnormal sperm in cocks).
47
Heat stress…..
•Poultry are not well adapted to high, ambient
temperatures because they lack sweat glands
•Only the head appendages (e.g. comb) are
rich in blood vessels and able to allow direct
loss of heat.
48
•Poultry are not well adapted to high, ambient
temperatures because they lack sweat glands
•Only the head appendages (e.g. comb) are
rich in blood vessels and able to allow direct
loss of heat.
48
Average body temperature as influenced by age.
Age of
chicks
Average Body Temperature
1 day 39.7
0
C
2 days 40.1
0
C
4 days 41.0
0
C
5 days 41.4
0
C
10 days41.4
0
C
49
Age of
chicks
Average Body Temperature
1 day 39.7
0
C
2 days 40.1
0
C
4 days 41.0
0
C
5 days 41.4
0
C
10 days41.4
0
C
49
Radiant heat
Energy in feed
Water intake
(temperature
important)
Excreta heat
and energy
(loss of bicarbonate
and potassium
Growth
Activity
Convection and radiant heat
Metabolic
heat
Figure: Energy and Heat Flow in Poultry
Evaporation
heat loss from
respiration
Conduction heat loss
to litter and concrete
Energy in feed
Water intake
(temperature
important)
Excreta heat
and energy
(loss of bicarbonate
and potassium
Growth
Activity
Convection and radiant heat
Metabolic
heat
Figure: Energy and Heat Flow in Poultry
Evaporation
heat loss from
respiration
Conduction heat loss
to litter and concrete
51
TemperatureObserved condition
12.8
o
to 18.3
o
C
Thermal neutral zone. The temperature range in which the bird does not need to alter
its basic metabolic rate or behaviour to maintain its body temperature.
18.3
o
to 23.9
o
CIdeal temperature range.
23.9
o
to 29.4
o
C
A slight reduction in feed consumption can be expected, but if nutrient intake is
adequate, production efficiency is good. Egg size may be reduced and shell quality
may suffer as temperatures reach the top of this range.
29.4
o
to 32.2
o
C
Feed consumption falls further. Weight gains are lower. Egg size and shell quality
deteriorate. Egg production usually suffers. Cooling procedures should be started
before this temperature range is reached.
32.2
o
to 35.0
o
C
Feed consumption continues to drop. There is some danger of heat prostration
among layers, especially the heavier birds and those in full production. At these
temperatures, cooling procedures must be carried out.
35.0
o
to 37.8
o
C
Heat prostration is probable. Emergency measures may be needed. Egg production
and feed consumption are severely reduced. Water consumption is very high.
Over 37.8
o
F
Emergency measures are needed to cool birds. Survival is the concern at these
temperatures.
Heat Stress & Ambient Temperature
TemperatureObserved condition
12.8
o
to 18.3
o
C
Thermal neutral zone. The temperature range in which the bird does not need to alter
its basic metabolic rate or behaviour to maintain its body temperature.
18.3
o
to 23.9
o
CIdeal temperature range.
23.9
o
to 29.4
o
C
A slight reduction in feed consumption can be expected, but if nutrient intake is
adequate, production efficiency is good. Egg size may be reduced and shell quality
may suffer as temperatures reach the top of this range.
29.4
o
to 32.2
o
C
Feed consumption falls further. Weight gains are lower. Egg size and shell quality
deteriorate. Egg production usually suffers. Cooling procedures should be started
before this temperature range is reached.
32.2
o
to 35.0
o
C
Feed consumption continues to drop. There is some danger of heat prostration
among layers, especially the heavier birds and those in full production. At these
temperatures, cooling procedures must be carried out.
35.0
o
to 37.8
o
C
Heat prostration is probable. Emergency measures may be needed. Egg production
and feed consumption are severely reduced. Water consumption is very high.
Over 37.8
o
F
Emergency measures are needed to cool birds. Survival is the concern at these
temperatures.
Heat Stress & Ambient Temperature
Ventilation
•Ventilation is movement of air within the poultry
house
•Ample air movement without a draft is essential.
•Fresh air brings in oxygen whilst removing excess
moisture, ammonia or carbon dioxide
•Dampness and ammonia build-up are a sign that
there is not enough ventilation.
•Failure to insulate or ventilate properly causes
moisture to accumulate on the walls
52
•Ventilation is movement of air within the poultry
house
•Ample air movement without a draft is essential.
•Fresh air brings in oxygen whilst removing excess
moisture, ammonia or carbon dioxide
•Dampness and ammonia build-up are a sign that
there is not enough ventilation.
•Failure to insulate or ventilate properly causes
moisture to accumulate on the walls
52
Moisture in the poultry house
•It constitutes one of the greatest problem in mgt
–Sources of moisture include respired air, in feacal
material and spilled water
•Fresh feacal material contains about 75 –80% water
but amount in litter is variable being as low 5-10%
under dry conditions and 70-80% when litter is damp
–Optimum for growing is between 20 and 40%, older
birds 10 and 30%.
–When RH of the air in the house is about 50% moisture
of litter material will be around 25%
53
•It constitutes one of the greatest problem in mgt
–Sources of moisture include respired air, in feacal
material and spilled water
•Fresh feacal material contains about 75 –80% water
but amount in litter is variable being as low 5-10%
under dry conditions and 70-80% when litter is damp
–Optimum for growing is between 20 and 40%, older
birds 10 and 30%.
–When RH of the air in the house is about 50% moisture
of litter material will be around 25%
53
Common Gas Levels in Poultry Houses
•.
54
Gas Symbol Lethal Desirable
Carbon DioxideCO
2
Above 30%Below 1%
Methane CH
4
Above 5%Below 1%
Ammonia NH
3
Above
500ppm
Below
40ppm
Hydrogen SulfideH
2
S Above
500ppm
Below
40ppm
•.
54
Gas Symbol Lethal Desirable
Carbon DioxideCO
2
Above 30%Below 1%
Methane CH
4
Above 5%Below 1%
Ammonia NH
3
Above
500ppm
Below
40ppm
Hydrogen SulfideH
2
S Above
500ppm
Below
40ppm
LIGHT
•Lighting is an essential component of
successful commercial poultry production
•Light enables the bird to move, see and drink
•In laying birds (including breeders) light is
significant in the development and functioning
of the bird’s reproductive system
•High intensity light leads to increased activity,
cannibalism and piling
55
•Lighting is an essential component of
successful commercial poultry production
•Light enables the bird to move, see and drink
•In laying birds (including breeders) light is
significant in the development and functioning
of the bird’s reproductive system
•High intensity light leads to increased activity,
cannibalism and piling
55
Lighting systems
•Light supplied by natural sunshine followed by
darkness is the most inferior particularly for
broilers
•Lighting systems include
–Intermittent lighting
–Continuous
•N.B: Avoid high light intensities since these
reduce feed efficiency
56
•Light supplied by natural sunshine followed by
darkness is the most inferior particularly for
broilers
•Lighting systems include
–Intermittent lighting
–Continuous
•N.B: Avoid high light intensities since these
reduce feed efficiency
56
Effects of light on Layers/broiler
•Birds reared under increased day-light
produce more eggs due to increase of FSH
and LH from pituitary gland.
•BLUElight have stress-relieving and growth
promoting properties in chicken
•REDlight has promotional effect on egg
production
•For broiler-Colder-coloured light promote
growth & breast muscle yield
57
•Birds reared under increased day-light
produce more eggs due to increase of FSH
and LH from pituitary gland.
•BLUElight have stress-relieving and growth
promoting properties in chicken
•REDlight has promotional effect on egg
production
•For broiler-Colder-coloured light promote
growth & breast muscle yield
57
Bird type Lighting hours
Young chickens (1-5 days) 24 hours
Young chickens (6-10 days) 23 hours
Pullets 15 hours
Layers 15 hours
Broilers 23 hours
Ducks and geese 15 hours
Pheasant breeders 15 hours
Young chickens (1-5 days) 24 hours
Young chickens (6-10 days) 23 hours
Pullets 15 hours
Layers 15 hours
Broilers 23 hours
Ducks and geese 15 hours
Pheasant breeders 15 hours
Poultry nutrition
Feed accounts for over 70% of the cost of
producing poultry meat and over 60% of egg
production costs.
The poultry digestive system is relatively
simple and short, but extremely efficient.
Feed accounts for over 70% of the cost of
producing poultry meat and over 60% of egg
production costs.
The poultry digestive system is relatively
simple and short, but extremely efficient.
Food Conversion
Poultry are extremely efficient feed converters
There have been huge advances made
through selective breeding
•Example:
-Broiler food conversion is 1.7 (it takes 1.7kgs
of feed to put on 1kg of body weight gain)
Poultry are extremely efficient feed converters
There have been huge advances made
through selective breeding
•Example:
-Broiler food conversion is 1.7 (it takes 1.7kgs
of feed to put on 1kg of body weight gain)
Structure of digestive tract
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry
Housed livestock are entirely dependent on the
compounded feed containing the correct
amounts & proportions of nutrients
They have no access to herbage or soil, or
sunlight
Housed livestock are entirely dependent on the
compounded feed containing the correct
amounts & proportions of nutrients
They have no access to herbage or soil, or
sunlight
Why include different ingredients?
•No single feed can supply all nutrients in adequate
amount needed by the bird
•Some feed contain anti-nutritional factors e.g.
gossypol in cotton seed cake-hence limit its
inclusion
•Some feed e.g Fish meal –too much impact fishy
smell in meat
•Some (with high fat) affect storage and processing
•Cost-feed has to be affordable-least cost
formulation. Hence use of cheap feed e.g. BSF
•No single feed can supply all nutrients in adequate
amount needed by the bird
•Some feed contain anti-nutritional factors e.g.
gossypol in cotton seed cake-hence limit its
inclusion
•Some feed e.g Fish meal –too much impact fishy
smell in meat
•Some (with high fat) affect storage and processing
•Cost-feed has to be affordable-least cost
formulation. Hence use of cheap feed e.g. BSF
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: ENERGY
Energy is assessed using the Metabolisable Energy
(ME) system
–Energy is first used for maintenance of normal
body functions
–Amounts above this are used for production, i.e.
eggs or growth
–Excessive energy supply leads to undesirable fat
deposition
–ME content of rations generally in the range 11-
13 MJ/ME/kg
Energy is assessed using the Metabolisable Energy
(ME) system
–Energy is first used for maintenance of normal
body functions
–Amounts above this are used for production, i.e.
eggs or growth
–Excessive energy supply leads to undesirable fat
deposition
–ME content of rations generally in the range 11-
13 MJ/ME/kg
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: PROTEIN
Protein is required for body development in growing
birds,and a good proportion is also required by layers
as eggs contain 13-14% protein
Protein Quality
–2 most important amino acids are lysine &
methionine (L&M).
–Cereals (wheat, maize) are a poor source of the
correct amino acids
–Soya bean is the best vegetable protein source
(although poor for meth, so cannot be used as the
only source)
Protein is required for body development in growing
birds,and a good proportion is also required by layers
as eggs contain 13-14% protein
Protein Quality
–2 most important amino acids are lysine &
methionine (L&M).
–Cereals (wheat, maize) are a poor source of the
correct amino acids
–Soya bean is the best vegetable protein source
(although poor for meth, so cannot be used as the
only source)
PROTEIN…………..
Animal protein (fishmeal) is the richest
source of Lysine &Methionine
Use of fish meal is on the decline, Thus….
–Synthetic amino acids are added to feeds
to improve protein quality
–Sunflower meal is high in methionine (but
high fibre content…. limits its use)
Animal protein (fishmeal) is the richest
source of Lysine &Methionine
Use of fish meal is on the decline, Thus….
–Synthetic amino acids are added to feeds
to improve protein quality
–Sunflower meal is high in methionine (but
high fibre content…. limits its use)
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry
VITAMINS
Vitamin Function Source
A Growth, resistance to diseaseGreen veg, maize, fishliver oil,
synthetic
D
(in the form of D3 )
Utilises Ca & P properly –vital
for bone and egg shell
Sunlight, fish liver oil,
synthetic
E Deficiency affects nervous
system, also for hatching eggs
Cereals, Will be destroyed by
bad storage or overheating
K Blood clotting (deficiency =
haemorrhaging
Greenfoods, Lucerne meal,
synthetic
B group (incl. Biotin,Choline &
folic Acid)
Optimum growth, metabolism
of carbohydrates,feathering,
hatchability, red blood cells,
biotin prevents fatty liver
syndrome.
Cereals,synthetic
VITAMINS
Vitamin Function Source
A Growth, resistance to diseaseGreen veg, maize, fishliver oil,
synthetic
D
(in the form of D3 )
Utilises Ca & P properly –vital
for bone and egg shell
Sunlight, fish liver oil,
synthetic
E Deficiency affects nervous
system, also for hatching eggs
Cereals, Will be destroyed by
bad storage or overheating
K Blood clotting (deficiency =
haemorrhaging
Greenfoods, Lucerne meal,
synthetic
B group (incl. Biotin,Choline &
folic Acid)
Optimum growth, metabolism
of carbohydrates,feathering,
hatchability, red blood cells,
biotin prevents fatty liver
syndrome.
Cereals,synthetic
MINERALS Requirements
Calcium and phosphorus (macro)
–Necessary for bone formation (assoc. with leg weakness)
and egg shell
–Calcium to phosphorus ratioshould be 2:1
–Animal derivatives are the richest in calcium when
compared to plant sources, although all foods have
some calcium content
–Phosphorus in cereals may be in a form that is poorly
absorbed, so supplements may be needed
–Absorption of Ca & P requires vitamin D
3and manganese
–Di-calcium phosphate or fishmeal can be added to the
diet as an extra source
Calcium and phosphorus (macro)
–Necessary for bone formation (assoc. with leg weakness)
and egg shell
–Calcium to phosphorus ratioshould be 2:1
–Animal derivatives are the richest in calcium when
compared to plant sources, although all foods have
some calcium content
–Phosphorus in cereals may be in a form that is poorly
absorbed, so supplements may be needed
–Absorption of Ca & P requires vitamin D
3and manganese
–Di-calcium phosphate or fishmeal can be added to the
diet as an extra source
Mineral Requirements …..
MINERAL FUNCTIONS
Manganese Involved with calcium metabolism
Good hatchability of eggs
Shell strength
To promote bone formation
Source –Wheat, Limestoneand manganese
sulphate
Iron, Copper and Cobalt Essentialfor formation of haemoglobin
Iodine Associatedwith poor hatchability
Source –usual feeds but especially fishmeal
Common salt (sodium chloride) Essential for protein digestion
Excess salt causes thirst and wet droppings
(max 0.5% in diet)
Excess or deficiency seriously affects
productivity (both growth and egg
MINERAL FUNCTIONS
Manganese Involved with calcium metabolism
Good hatchability of eggs
Shell strength
To promote bone formation
Source –Wheat, Limestoneand manganese
sulphate
Iron, Copper and Cobalt Essentialfor formation of haemoglobin
Iodine Associatedwith poor hatchability
Source –usual feeds but especially fishmeal
Common salt (sodium chloride) Essential for protein digestion
Excess salt causes thirst and wet droppings
(max 0.5% in diet)
Excess or deficiency seriously affects
productivity (both growth and egg
Water
Access to fresh clean water at all times is absolutely essential
in intensive livestock production systems
•poultry must have a constant water supply to
maintain efficient production
•Young chicks or birds in hot weather can die in only a
few hours if water is absent
Water consumption of the flock should be monitored and
recorded daily
A change in water consumption is a crucial early indicator
of a health problem, or heat stress
Access to fresh clean water at all times is absolutely essential
in intensive livestock production systems
•poultry must have a constant water supply to
maintain efficient production
•Young chicks or birds in hot weather can die in only a
few hours if water is absent
Water consumption of the flock should be monitored and
recorded daily
A change in water consumption is a crucial early indicator
of a health problem, or heat stress
Enzymes in poultry feeds
Enzyme are chemical or catalyst released by cells to speed
up specific chemical reaction
Incorporated into poultry diets for the following reasons:
Increase the nutritional value of feed ingredients
Reduce feed costs
Improve animal performance
Enzymes complement the bird’s own digestive enzymes
NB: Heat conditioning during pelleting damages enzymes,
so must be added afterwards
–Overall Benefits improve efficiency of feed utilization
Enzyme are chemical or catalyst released by cells to speed
up specific chemical reaction
Incorporated into poultry diets for the following reasons:
Increase the nutritional value of feed ingredients
Reduce feed costs
Improve animal performance
Enzymes complement the bird’s own digestive enzymes
NB: Heat conditioning during pelleting damages enzymes,
so must be added afterwards
–Overall Benefits improve efficiency of feed utilization
.
•Classes of enzymes:
Phytases: release some of non-digestibale
phosphorous and other nutrients found in feeds
ingredients
Carbohydrases:increase amount of energy available
from feeds ingredients (e.g. Amylases, Xylanase)
Proteases: Protein digesting enzyme. Break down
storage proteins binding starch within feeds. Also
effective in releasing anti-nutritional factors in feeds
such as Soybean
•Classes of enzymes:
Phytases: release some of non-digestibale
phosphorous and other nutrients found in feeds
ingredients
Carbohydrases:increase amount of energy available
from feeds ingredients (e.g. Amylases, Xylanase)
Proteases: Protein digesting enzyme. Break down
storage proteins binding starch within feeds. Also
effective in releasing anti-nutritional factors in feeds
such as Soybean
Factors affecting feed intake
Categorized into:
1.Feed factor
2.Animal factor
3.Environmental factors
Categorized into:
1.Feed factor
2.Animal factor
3.Environmental factors
Feed factors
The energy concentration: Birds eat to satisfy energy
requirement and adjust their intakes to provide a
constant energy intake.
Layers have a specific appetite for calcium
Poultry seem to have the ability to select for a
balanced diet (i.e. meet their energy and protein
requirements) when offered a range of feeds
Likewise, birds learn food preferences from previous
experiences
The energy concentration: Birds eat to satisfy energy
requirement and adjust their intakes to provide a
constant energy intake.
Layers have a specific appetite for calcium
Poultry seem to have the ability to select for a
balanced diet (i.e. meet their energy and protein
requirements) when offered a range of feeds
Likewise, birds learn food preferences from previous
experiences
Feed factors…
•Palatabilityand anti-nutritionalfactors (e.g. raw
moringa leaves, mycotoxins/mould)
•Digestibility-fast digestible increase intake
•Physical form of food: Pellet vs mash, fine particles
in the feed-eat more Pellets and mash than fine
grounded feeds
•Palatabilityand anti-nutritionalfactors (e.g. raw
moringa leaves, mycotoxins/mould)
•Digestibility-fast digestible increase intake
•Physical form of food: Pellet vs mash, fine particles
in the feed-eat more Pellets and mash than fine
grounded feeds
Feed factors…
Water availability
Fibre content-High fibre lower intake
Calcium level for Layers-for egg production
Water availability
Fibre content-High fibre lower intake
Calcium level for Layers-for egg production
Animal Factors
Physiological status of the bird. E.g. sick vs
health, laying vs non laying, growth stage
Production rate: fast growth vs slow, high laying
rate vs low
Age of bird : old vs young
Breed: Light vs. heavy breeds
Type: Layers vs broilers
Physiological status of the bird. E.g. sick vs
health, laying vs non laying, growth stage
Production rate: fast growth vs slow, high laying
rate vs low
Age of bird : old vs young
Breed: Light vs. heavy breeds
Type: Layers vs broilers
Environmental Factors…
High temperature/ high humidity –lead to reduction
in feed intake
Stocking density: High density reduce intake-due to
competition
Equipment
–feed space per bird, number and arrangements
–trough position -base height level with bird’s back
High temperature/ high humidity –lead to reduction
in feed intake
Stocking density: High density reduce intake-due to
competition
Equipment
–feed space per bird, number and arrangements
–trough position -base height level with bird’s back
General composition of poultry diets
Cereals usually make up 50-75% of a poultry diet
Cereals supply a high proportion of starch (the lowest cost
form of dietary energy)
Cereals may supply up to 50% of the protein required,
however the quality is poorer (deficient in essential amino
acids), so oilseed meals (e.g. soya-bean ≈ 50%CP) and
fishmeal are used as protein concentrates
Max inclusion rate for fat (source of energy) is 6%
–Above this level feed is sticky (machinery can’t work with
it) and it can be difficult to form hard pellets
Cereals usually make up 50-75% of a poultry diet
Cereals supply a high proportion of starch (the lowest cost
form of dietary energy)
Cereals may supply up to 50% of the protein required,
however the quality is poorer (deficient in essential amino
acids), so oilseed meals (e.g. soya-bean ≈ 50%CP) and
fishmeal are used as protein concentrates
Max inclusion rate for fat (source of energy) is 6%
–Above this level feed is sticky (machinery can’t work with
it) and it can be difficult to form hard pellets
Mycotoxins
as contaminants of feed
Mycotoxins are the toxic metabolites of fungi
Over 200 types are known
Responsible for significant financial loss to the poultry
industry
–decreased growth rate, food conversion efficiency,
livability, reproductive potential
–Feed importers do test deliveries for presence of mould
regularly
as contaminants of feed
Mycotoxins are the toxic metabolites of fungi
Over 200 types are known
Responsible for significant financial loss to the poultry
industry
–decreased growth rate, food conversion efficiency,
livability, reproductive potential
–Feed importers do test deliveries for presence of mould
regularly
Brooding management
What is brooding?
The management with due care of baby chicks till
two weeks in broilers and 6 to 8 weeks in egg type
birds is known as brooding.
What is Brooder?
The device or equipment used for providing artificial
heat to baby chicks is known as brooder.
What is brooding?
The management with due care of baby chicks till
two weeks in broilers and 6 to 8 weeks in egg type
birds is known as brooding.
What is Brooder?
The device or equipment used for providing artificial
heat to baby chicks is known as brooder.
Methods of brooding
1. Natural method of brooding
2. Artificial method of brooding
Cold room brooding/spot brooding (heating only under
the canopy)
Hot room brooding (central heating-whole house)
Types of brooder (source of heat)
Battery brooder
Gas
Infra red
Electrical
Charcoal
1. Natural method of brooding
2. Artificial method of brooding
Cold room brooding/spot brooding (heating only under
the canopy)
Hot room brooding (central heating-whole house)
Types of brooder (source of heat)
Battery brooder
Gas
Infra red
Electrical
Charcoal
Natural Brooding
Electrical brooding/cold room brooding
Infra Red bulbs
Gas brooder
Hot room brooding
Gas brooder
Hot room brooding
Cont…
Location of brooder house
•Distance between brooder house and other poultry house
should not be less than 100 meters.
Preparation of brooder house
•Cleaning and washing of brooder house
•Cleaning and washing of equipments
•Seal cracks and crevices
•White wash
•Fumigation
•Arrangements of chick guards
•Arrangements of litter
•Arrangement of hover
•Paper arrangements for first 3 days
Location of brooder house
•Distance between brooder house and other poultry house
should not be less than 100 meters.
Preparation of brooder house
•Cleaning and washing of brooder house
•Cleaning and washing of equipments
•Seal cracks and crevices
•White wash
•Fumigation
•Arrangements of chick guards
•Arrangements of litter
•Arrangement of hover
•Paper arrangements for first 3 days
Basic requirements during brooding
1. Temperature
Age in weeks Temperature under
hover
First week 35
0
C
Second week 32
0
C
Third week 29
0
C
Fourth week 26
0
C
Fifth week 23
0
C
1. Temperature
Age in weeks Temperature under
hover
First week 35
0
C
Second week 32
0
C
Third week 29
0
C
Fourth week 26
0
C
Fifth week 23
0
C
Cont..
2.Ventilation: enough ventilation to keep litter dry
3. Humidity : Brooder house humidity ranges from 50 to 60 %
4.Spacerequirement:
Withelectrichovers10sq.inchor65.5cm2perchickis
theminimumrequirementatthestartingofbrooding
withgradualincreaseasperage.Uptotheageof8
weeks460sq.cmperchickissufficient.
Ahoverhaving1.8diameterscanaccommodate500chicks.
But200-250chicksperbrooderisadvisedforbetter
management.
2.Ventilation: enough ventilation to keep litter dry
3. Humidity : Brooder house humidity ranges from 50 to 60 %
4.Spacerequirement:
Withelectrichovers10sq.inchor65.5cm2perchickis
theminimumrequirementatthestartingofbrooding
withgradualincreaseasperage.Uptotheageof8
weeks460sq.cmperchickissufficient.
Ahoverhaving1.8diameterscanaccommodate500chicks.
But200-250chicksperbrooderisadvisedforbetter
management.
Feeding
•Forthefirst3or4daysfeedisprovidedinflat
typefeederlidsorpapers.Thesehavetobe
removedgraduallytakingaboutaweekwhile
introducingregularfeeders.Thechicksshould
begivenpre-starterincaseofbroilersand
chickstarterincaseoflayers.
•Feederspacerequirements:
Upto2weeks–2.5cm/chick
2to8weeks–4to5cm/chick
3hangingfeeders/100chicks.
•Forthefirst3or4daysfeedisprovidedinflat
typefeederlidsorpapers.Thesehavetobe
removedgraduallytakingaboutaweekwhile
introducingregularfeeders.Thechicksshould
begivenpre-starterincaseofbroilersand
chickstarterincaseoflayers.
•Feederspacerequirements:
Upto2weeks–2.5cm/chick
2to8weeks–4to5cm/chick
3hangingfeeders/100chicks.
90
Brooding cont.
•Use chick
lid boxes
and flat
feeders
during the
first few
week days
•Use chick
lid boxes
and flat
feeders
during the
first few
week days
Requirements of chicks during brooding
•Chicks are easily stressed during 1
st
2 wks due to
many reasons
•Observe chicks regularly
•Envn conditions: refer envn requirements
•Feeding
–Chicks should be fed with high energy protein diet at least 21% CP
for the 1
st
weeks and reduce thereafter. The diet up to 8 weeks
should contain at least 5 –7 % animal protein supplements, Ca
(1%); P (0.6%).
–They require large amount of B vitamins
–Chicks should have access to feed and water at all times
92
•Chicks are easily stressed during 1
st
2 wks due to
many reasons
•Observe chicks regularly
•Envn conditions: refer envn requirements
•Feeding
–Chicks should be fed with high energy protein diet at least 21% CP
for the 1
st
weeks and reduce thereafter. The diet up to 8 weeks
should contain at least 5 –7 % animal protein supplements, Ca
(1%); P (0.6%).
–They require large amount of B vitamins
–Chicks should have access to feed and water at all times
92
Other operations
•Culling: Removal of poorly developed birds
•Diseases and Parasites Control
–Continue the vaccination programmes
–Use of prophylactics and litter management
•Continue using coccidiostats in feed or water
•Litter should contain at least 20 to 30% moisture
–Leads to better feathering, growth rate, feed conversion
–Reduce coccidiosis problems
–Ammonia in the house is reduced
•Deworming
93
•Culling: Removal of poorly developed birds
•Diseases and Parasites Control
–Continue the vaccination programmes
–Use of prophylactics and litter management
•Continue using coccidiostats in feed or water
•Litter should contain at least 20 to 30% moisture
–Leads to better feathering, growth rate, feed conversion
–Reduce coccidiosis problems
–Ammonia in the house is reduced
•Deworming
93
94
Management at different stages:
growing and laying
•Growers (6-8 to 18
th
week of age)
–Restricted feeding medium energy and
protein
–Debeaking and culling
–Continue vaccinations and deworming as
required
Management at different stages:
growing and laying
•Growers (6-8 to 18
th
week of age)
–Restricted feeding medium energy and
protein
–Debeaking and culling
–Continue vaccinations and deworming as
required
Growing management
Feeding must stimulate early appetite so as to have optimum
BW and body reserves at maturity
•Apart from nutrition BW can be influenced by
–Stocking density
–Temperature
–Feather cover
•Energy intake limits to growth rate more than protein
•Pullets eat about 5-7 kg up to 18 weeks of age
•Quality/quantity of feeding affects onset of sexual maturity
Feeding must stimulate early appetite so as to have optimum
BW and body reserves at maturity
•Apart from nutrition BW can be influenced by
–Stocking density
–Temperature
–Feather cover
•Energy intake limits to growth rate more than protein
•Pullets eat about 5-7 kg up to 18 weeks of age
•Quality/quantity of feeding affects onset of sexual maturity
Feeding birds
Use high dense diets CP (16-18%)and energy 2600-
2800 kcal/kg
High energy intake lead to less nutrients intake, (its
critical at high temp)
Failure to reach target wt can be due to
Suboptimal nutrition
Heat stress
Diseases
Use high dense diets CP (16-18%)and energy 2600-
2800 kcal/kg
High energy intake lead to less nutrients intake, (its
critical at high temp)
Failure to reach target wt can be due to
Suboptimal nutrition
Heat stress
Diseases
Manipulation of body wt at sexual maturity
Body size has an effect on egg size and intake and
it is easier to manipulate
Depending on the market/price large or small
eggs may be uneconomical
Light stimulation can be done earlier depending
on the ‘ideal weight’
Early maturity is not a problem for flocks that
have ideal body weight and condition
However early maturity and light stimulation may
lead to small eggs and prolapseif the bird is small
Body size has an effect on egg size and intake and
it is easier to manipulate
Depending on the market/price large or small
eggs may be uneconomical
Light stimulation can be done earlier depending
on the ‘ideal weight’
Early maturity is not a problem for flocks that
have ideal body weight and condition
However early maturity and light stimulation may
lead to small eggs and prolapseif the bird is small
Effect of body wt on egg size
18 wk wt (g) Earlyegg wt (g)
1100 46.9
1200 48.4
1280 48.8
1380 49.7
18 wk wt (g) Earlyegg wt (g)
1100 46.9
1200 48.4
1280 48.8
1380 49.7
Layers (19
th
week of age to end
of laying period
•Observe strict management
practices such as
feeding (optimum Ca and
protein),
lighting,
space
egg collection
99
th
week of age to end
of laying period
•Observe strict management
practices such as
feeding (optimum Ca and
protein),
lighting,
space
egg collection
99
Laying management
The housing and management of layer hens can
be carried out using one of two methods
caged layer production
floor production (deep litter)
Birds are moved to laying house before onset of
egg prodn or sometimes at 5% egg prodn
100
The housing and management of layer hens can
be carried out using one of two methods
caged layer production
floor production (deep litter)
Birds are moved to laying house before onset of
egg prodn or sometimes at 5% egg prodn
100
Laying management…
The laying cycle of a chicken flock usually covers a
span of about 12 to 14 months.
Egg production begins at about 18-22weeks of
age, depending on the breed and season.
Flock production rises sharply and reaches a peak
of about 85 -90%, 6-8 weeks later.
101
The laying cycle of a chicken flock usually covers a
span of about 12 to 14 months.
Egg production begins at about 18-22weeks of
age, depending on the breed and season.
Flock production rises sharply and reaches a peak
of about 85 -90%, 6-8 weeks later.
101
Stocking rate
The optimum bird density bird/m
2
depends on
breed, management conditions and climate
Cages
Increases production output/unit area
Two birds per width of 22.5 –25 cm (439-
488cm2/hen) or 3 birds per 30cm
(390cm2/hen)
One nest 36 cm wide, 30 cm high, and 41 cm
deep is needed for each four hens
High density increases temp/affect envn
conditions
102
The optimum bird density bird/m
2
depends on
breed, management conditions and climate
Cages
Increases production output/unit area
Two birds per width of 22.5 –25 cm (439-
488cm2/hen) or 3 birds per 30cm
(390cm2/hen)
One nest 36 cm wide, 30 cm high, and 41 cm
deep is needed for each four hens
High density increases temp/affect envn
conditions
102
Stocking rate…..
Floor
The floor production method is designed for either
egg-type or broiler-type birds kept for fertile or
infertile eggs
6birds/m2forlightbirdsor5.4birds/m2for
heavybirds
FloorSpace:Atleast0.14m
2
perbird.
Litter:Keep 7.5 cm to 15 cm deep.
103
Floor
The floor production method is designed for either
egg-type or broiler-type birds kept for fertile or
infertile eggs
6birds/m2forlightbirdsor5.4birds/m2for
heavybirds
FloorSpace:Atleast0.14m
2
perbird.
Litter:Keep 7.5 cm to 15 cm deep.
103
Distribution of egg laying during the day
104
Hours after
bright light
begins
% of daily total
egg
1 Few
2-3 40
4-5 30
6-7 20
8-9 10
10-11 Few
104
Hours after
bright light
begins
% of daily total
egg
1 Few
2-3 40
4-5 30
6-7 20
8-9 10
10-11 Few
Patterns of egg production
Egg production increases rapidly after 5%
production until it reaches a peak 8-9 weeks later
It is influenced by:
Management
Body wt of pullets
105
Egg production increases rapidly after 5%
production until it reaches a peak 8-9 weeks later
It is influenced by:
Management
Body wt of pullets
105
Patterns of egg production
Peak production is abrupt with uniform flock because most
of the hens will be at a similar stage of development.
Lower or poor uniformity in the flock results into reduced
egg production throughout the entire laying period.
Variability in a flock uniformity can be caused by feeder
space, nutrient deficiency, lighting programmes etc.
Descending curve
In a normal production curve the percentage egg
production show an equal drop after the peak has been
reached
Peak production is abrupt with uniform flock because most
of the hens will be at a similar stage of development.
Lower or poor uniformity in the flock results into reduced
egg production throughout the entire laying period.
Variability in a flock uniformity can be caused by feeder
space, nutrient deficiency, lighting programmes etc.
Descending curve
In a normal production curve the percentage egg
production show an equal drop after the peak has been
reached
Egg production curve
107
107
Egg production pattern
108
Age of flock (in
weeks)
% of flock layingNo. of birds laying No. of eggs
produced per week
21 5 5 20
22 10 10 40
23 18 18 72
24 34 34 136
25 52 52 208
26 65 65 260
27 74 74 296
28 84 84 336
29 88 88 352
30 92 92 368
31 94 94 376
32 -39 88 88 352
40 -47 83 83 332
48 -59 77 77 308
60 -64 73 73 292
65 -70 70 70 280
108
Age of flock (in
weeks)
% of flock layingNo. of birds laying No. of eggs
produced per week
21 5 5 20
22 10 10 40
23 18 18 72
24 34 34 136
25 52 52 208
26 65 65 260
27 74 74 296
28 84 84 336
29 88 88 352
30 92 92 368
31 94 94 376
32 -39 88 88 352
40 -47 83 83 332
48 -59 77 77 308
60 -64 73 73 292
65 -70 70 70 280
Culling
•Culling hens refers to the identification and
removal of the non-laying or low producing
hens from a flock.
•Removing the inferior birds reduces the cost
of producing eggs, incidence of disease, and
increases the available space for more
productive hens.
•General Condition
•Body Characteristics
109
•Culling hens refers to the identification and
removal of the non-laying or low producing
hens from a flock.
•Removing the inferior birds reduces the cost
of producing eggs, incidence of disease, and
increases the available space for more
productive hens.
•General Condition
•Body Characteristics
109
Culling
Poor layer Good layer
110
Poor layer Good layer
110
Characteristics Indicating Ability to Lay
Character Layer Non-Layer
CombandWattles
Large,brightred,
glossy
Small,dull,shrivelled
Eye Bright,prominent Dull,sunken
Eyering Bleached Yellowtinted
Beak Bleached Yellow
Abdomen Deep,soft,pliable Shallow,tough,tight
Pubicbones Flexible,wideapartStiff,closetogether
Vent Large,moist,bleachedSmall,dry,puckered,yellow
Character Layer Non-Layer
CombandWattles
Large,brightred,
glossy
Small,dull,shrivelled
Eye Bright,prominent Dull,sunken
Eyering Bleached Yellowtinted
Beak Bleached Yellow
Abdomen Deep,soft,pliable Shallow,tough,tight
Pubicbones Flexible,wideapartStiff,closetogether
Vent Large,moist,bleachedSmall,dry,puckered,yellow
Shell defects
Gross cracks Hairline cracks
Pinholes Body-checked eggs
Gross cracks Hairline cracks
Pinholes Body-checked eggs
Shell defects cont.
•Mottled or glassy shells Cage marks
•Fly marks Stained eggs
•Mottled or glassy shells Cage marks
•Fly marks Stained eggs
Shell defects
Sandpaper or rough shells Thin-shelled eggs and shell-less eggs
Flat-sided eggs Misshapen eggs
Sandpaper or rough shells Thin-shelled eggs and shell-less eggs
Flat-sided eggs Misshapen eggs
Blood spots
Meat spots
Watery whites
Discoloured
whites
Pale yolks
Meat spots
Watery whites
Discoloured
whites
Pale yolks
Production planning
Layer
batch
0 1121314151617181
(.........................timeinweeks..........................)
1st
layers
Born Lay
2nd
layers
Born Lay
3rd
layers
Born Lay
Layer
batch
0 1121314151617181
(.........................timeinweeks..........................)
1st
layers
Born Lay
2nd
layers
Born Lay
3rd
layers
Born Lay
117
•Mortality:Mortalityratesofbetween0.5toover2%per
montharenotuncommon
•Noninfectiouscauses:Broodinessisoftenaprobleminfloor
productionhousing
•AgingHensandBareBacks
•PoorFeathering
•PeckingandCannibalism
•Inadequatefeedandwater
•Brightlightingincreasesbirdactivityandcannibalism.
•Highhousetemperaturesaggravatebirdsandmakethem
moreirritable
•Deficienciesofnutrientslikemethionineandsaltwill
increaseacravingforfeathersandblood
Problems encountered during the laying period
•Mortality:Mortalityratesofbetween0.5toover2%per
montharenotuncommon
•Noninfectiouscauses:Broodinessisoftenaprobleminfloor
productionhousing
•AgingHensandBareBacks
•PoorFeathering
•PeckingandCannibalism
•Inadequatefeedandwater
•Brightlightingincreasesbirdactivityandcannibalism.
•Highhousetemperaturesaggravatebirdsandmakethem
moreirritable
•Deficienciesofnutrientslikemethionineandsaltwill
increaseacravingforfeathersandblood
Problems encountered during the laying period
•DropinBodyweightsandEggProduction
DuringPeakProduction
•CageLayerFatigue
•Eggeating
DuringPeakProduction
•CageLayerFatigue
•Eggeating
Breeders Management
•Breeding hens should be fed complete and well balanced
ration
•Deficiency in minerals, protein and vitamins normally lowers
hatchability, result in weak or unthrifty chicks.
•The diet should contain at least 7 –10 percent animal protein
•The diet should also contain adequate amounts of Ca and
about 30 mg of manganese per kg feed
•Vitamins are the most important nutrient factors affecting
hatchability. Ample supply of vitamins A, D, riboflavin and
folic acid are essential
•Green materials increase hatchability
119
•Breeding hens should be fed complete and well balanced
ration
•Deficiency in minerals, protein and vitamins normally lowers
hatchability, result in weak or unthrifty chicks.
•The diet should contain at least 7 –10 percent animal protein
•The diet should also contain adequate amounts of Ca and
about 30 mg of manganese per kg feed
•Vitamins are the most important nutrient factors affecting
hatchability. Ample supply of vitamins A, D, riboflavin and
folic acid are essential
•Green materials increase hatchability
119
Breeding cont:
•Good breeding cocks are recommended: one
cock for 15 –20 hens(egg type) and 15 –20 hens
(general purpose)
•Fertile eggs can be collected 24 hrsafter the cock
has been placed in the pen, but maximum fertility
occurs 7 –10 days
•Medium sized eggs are recommended 55 gm
(avoid very small and large eggs)
•Eggs should be stored at a temperature of
between 50 –55
o
F for a week
120
•Good breeding cocks are recommended: one
cock for 15 –20 hens(egg type) and 15 –20 hens
(general purpose)
•Fertile eggs can be collected 24 hrsafter the cock
has been placed in the pen, but maximum fertility
occurs 7 –10 days
•Medium sized eggs are recommended 55 gm
(avoid very small and large eggs)
•Eggs should be stored at a temperature of
between 50 –55
o
F for a week
120
Incubation
•Incubation is the management of fertilized eggs to
ensure normal development of embryo into normal
chick
•Incubation can be achieved
–naturally (when the hen sits on the eggs for a period of time
and keeps the eggs warm until hatching)
–artificially by using machines known as incubators which
provide the necessary heat until hatching.
•The essential requirements of incubation include
–humidity
–turning of the eggs
–temperature
•Incubation is the management of fertilized eggs to
ensure normal development of embryo into normal
chick
•Incubation can be achieved
–naturally (when the hen sits on the eggs for a period of time
and keeps the eggs warm until hatching)
–artificially by using machines known as incubators which
provide the necessary heat until hatching.
•The essential requirements of incubation include
–humidity
–turning of the eggs
–temperature
Essential requirement of artificial incubation
•Artificial incubation
•Artificial incubation is carried out with incubator using fuels such as
kerosene, gas, coal etc.
•1) Adequate ventilation-
–there should be sufficient oxygen to supply the respiratory need of the
embryo
–carbon dioxide resulting from embryonic metabolism should not be allowed
to accumulate.
•2) Relative humidity of 60-65% should be provided to prevent excessive
water loss by the egg.
•3) Adequate temperature should be provided to ensure that life within the
egg is maintained at the optimum level. The temperature of 37.5◦C is
ideal.
•4) Turner: There should be a turner to prevent the embryo getting stucked
shell. This should be done at least three times daily.
•Artificial incubation
•Artificial incubation is carried out with incubator using fuels such as
kerosene, gas, coal etc.
•1) Adequate ventilation-
–there should be sufficient oxygen to supply the respiratory need of the
embryo
–carbon dioxide resulting from embryonic metabolism should not be allowed
to accumulate.
•2) Relative humidity of 60-65% should be provided to prevent excessive
water loss by the egg.
•3) Adequate temperature should be provided to ensure that life within the
egg is maintained at the optimum level. The temperature of 37.5◦C is
ideal.
•4) Turner: There should be a turner to prevent the embryo getting stucked
shell. This should be done at least three times daily.
Chicken female reproductive part
Diseases
•Disease is an alteration of normal body
functions
•Disease arises from a combination of
factors common ones being
–Indirect or predisposing factors which lower body
resistance (chilling, poor ventilation, overcrowding)
–Direct causes which produce actual disease such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and nutritional
deficiencies
124
•Disease is an alteration of normal body
functions
•Disease arises from a combination of
factors common ones being
–Indirect or predisposing factors which lower body
resistance (chilling, poor ventilation, overcrowding)
–Direct causes which produce actual disease such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and nutritional
deficiencies
124
Mechanisms of disease
transmission
•In order to control diseases one has to know
how they are transmitted and the common
ways are shown below
–Transovarial route
–Transmission on the egg shell surface
–Direct transmission
–Indirect contact
–Dissemination by wind
–Biological vectors
–Feed
125
transmission
•In order to control diseases one has to know
how they are transmitted and the common
ways are shown below
–Transovarial route
–Transmission on the egg shell surface
–Direct transmission
–Indirect contact
–Dissemination by wind
–Biological vectors
–Feed
125
Classification of poultry diseases
There are two ways of classifying poultry
diseases
1.Based on body systems/parts affected
e.g respiratory, digestive, Nervous
2.Based on causative agentse.g bacterial,
Viral, parasitic, protozoan, fungal,
nutritional etc.
126
There are two ways of classifying poultry
diseases
1.Based on body systems/parts affected
e.g respiratory, digestive, Nervous
2.Based on causative agentse.g bacterial,
Viral, parasitic, protozoan, fungal,
nutritional etc.
126
127
128
Clinical Signs Possible Causes
Huddling near heat source Low brooding temperature. Disease condition -salmonellosis, coccidiosis, NCD, CRD, etc.
Diarrhea High salt content of feed (normal level is 0.37%). If whitish diarrhea with mortality -salmonellosis or
bacterial enteritis(coliform infection). If bloody with mortality -coccidiosis.
Panting or gasping High brooding temperature. Poor ventilation, strong ammonia odor. Pullorumdisease or respiratory
disease -NCD, IB, CRD, aspergillosisand air sacculitis.
Sudden heavy mortality Suffocation -poor ventilation. Food poisoning. Disease conditions such as coccidiosis, acute typhoid,
cholera, salmonellosis, and wing rot.
Poor stock.
Tremors/paralysis Epideic tumor (AE). Vitamin E deficiency. Mineral deficiencies. NCD (usually following respiratory
signs).
Drop in feed consumption Stale or unpalatable feed. High brooding temperature. Disease conditions -CRD, NCD, IB,
salmonellosis, etc.
Watery eyes/nasal discharge Strong ammonia odor. Disease problems infectious bronchitis, IB, and CRD.
Conjuctivitis Strong ammonia odor. NCD.
Paleness Nutritional problem -poor quality feeds or faulty feeding. Coccidiosis. ding rot.
Poor feathering/ poor growth/ lack of
uniformity
Faulty nutrition -check feed and feeding system. Subclinical infections. Overcrowding. Poor brooding
temperature. Poor stock.
Layers/Breeders
Paleness Nutritional problem -poor quality feed or faulty feeding. Chronic coccidiosis. Blood parasitism, avian
malaria, aegyptianellosis, or leucocytozoonosis. Crop mycosis. Marek's disease. Lymphoid leukosis.
Paralysis Nutritional deficiency. Cage layer Fatigue. Marek's disease. Mechanical cause.
Watery eyes/ nasal discharge Strong ammonia odor. Disease problems IB, NCD, CRD, and coryza.
Gasping, tracheal rales NCD, IB, CRD, coryza, and laryngo -tracheitis and fowl pox (wet type).
Sudden drop in egg production Nutritional problem -abrupt change in feed. Stress condition -sudden change in weather condition,
fright. Vaccination. Sulfa medication. Deworming. Acute disease problems -NCD, cholera, IB.
Soft shelled egg High environmental temperature. Nutritional problem -calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A & D
deficiency. Sulfa medication. Disease problems-IB, NCD, fowl cholera, etc.
Poor egg production Nutritional problem -faulty feeding, poor quality feed. Subclinical or chronic infections. Parasitism -
external or internal parasites. Poor housing -overcrowding, poor ventilation. Poor stock.
Clinical Signs Possible Causes
Huddling near heat source Low brooding temperature. Disease condition -salmonellosis, coccidiosis, NCD, CRD, etc.
Diarrhea High salt content of feed (normal level is 0.37%). If whitish diarrhea with mortality -salmonellosis or
bacterial enteritis(coliform infection). If bloody with mortality -coccidiosis.
Panting or gasping High brooding temperature. Poor ventilation, strong ammonia odor. Pullorumdisease or respiratory
disease -NCD, IB, CRD, aspergillosisand air sacculitis.
Sudden heavy mortality Suffocation -poor ventilation. Food poisoning. Disease conditions such as coccidiosis, acute typhoid,
cholera, salmonellosis, and wing rot.
Poor stock.
Tremors/paralysis Epideic tumor (AE). Vitamin E deficiency. Mineral deficiencies. NCD (usually following respiratory
signs).
Drop in feed consumption Stale or unpalatable feed. High brooding temperature. Disease conditions -CRD, NCD, IB,
salmonellosis, etc.
Watery eyes/nasal discharge Strong ammonia odor. Disease problems infectious bronchitis, IB, and CRD.
Conjuctivitis Strong ammonia odor. NCD.
Paleness Nutritional problem -poor quality feeds or faulty feeding. Coccidiosis. ding rot.
Poor feathering/ poor growth/ lack of
uniformity
Faulty nutrition -check feed and feeding system. Subclinical infections. Overcrowding. Poor brooding
temperature. Poor stock.
Layers/Breeders
Paleness Nutritional problem -poor quality feed or faulty feeding. Chronic coccidiosis. Blood parasitism, avian
malaria, aegyptianellosis, or leucocytozoonosis. Crop mycosis. Marek's disease. Lymphoid leukosis.
Paralysis Nutritional deficiency. Cage layer Fatigue. Marek's disease. Mechanical cause.
Watery eyes/ nasal discharge Strong ammonia odor. Disease problems IB, NCD, CRD, and coryza.
Gasping, tracheal rales NCD, IB, CRD, coryza, and laryngo -tracheitis and fowl pox (wet type).
Sudden drop in egg production Nutritional problem -abrupt change in feed. Stress condition -sudden change in weather condition,
fright. Vaccination. Sulfa medication. Deworming. Acute disease problems -NCD, cholera, IB.
Soft shelled egg High environmental temperature. Nutritional problem -calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A & D
deficiency. Sulfa medication. Disease problems-IB, NCD, fowl cholera, etc.
Poor egg production Nutritional problem -faulty feeding, poor quality feed. Subclinical or chronic infections. Parasitism -
external or internal parasites. Poor housing -overcrowding, poor ventilation. Poor stock.
Diseasecontrol and treatment
Control: This includes all mgtpractices, specific
or non specific which are applied in order to
reduce disease incidences. These include
Disinfection
Decontamination
Vaccinations
Treatment:this is in most cases involves the
use of drugs. Drugs can be administered
individually or by mass.
129
Control: This includes all mgtpractices, specific
or non specific which are applied in order to
reduce disease incidences. These include
Disinfection
Decontamination
Vaccinations
Treatment:this is in most cases involves the
use of drugs. Drugs can be administered
individually or by mass.
129
Biosecurity
•Refers to all management practices aimed at
excludingor reducingpotential for transmission or
spread of disease to animals, humans, or an area
initially free from disease causing agents
•There are three biosecurity principles that are key
in preventing the entry of disease into a flock or the
spread of disease from infected premises
i)Bio exclusion ii) Bio-containmentiii) bio-
management
•Refers to all management practices aimed at
excludingor reducingpotential for transmission or
spread of disease to animals, humans, or an area
initially free from disease causing agents
•There are three biosecurity principles that are key
in preventing the entry of disease into a flock or the
spread of disease from infected premises
i)Bio exclusion ii) Bio-containmentiii) bio-
management
1. Bio-exclusion
Techniques used to prevent introduction of unwanted
disease agents into the farm. E.g
i)Fencing (with one entrance/gate only)
ii)Water bath and foot bath-(all workers & visitors)
iii)Location of the farm (away from residential area,
wild birds)
iv)Control traffic In and around susceptible areas to
limit exposure.
v)Controlling movement of equipment and
products to and from the farm.
Techniques used to prevent introduction of unwanted
disease agents into the farm. E.g
i)Fencing (with one entrance/gate only)
ii)Water bath and foot bath-(all workers & visitors)
iii)Location of the farm (away from residential area,
wild birds)
iv)Control traffic In and around susceptible areas to
limit exposure.
v)Controlling movement of equipment and
products to and from the farm.
Bio-containment
•Used to prevent spread of disease within the farm/
or neighboring farms: Include,
i)Foot bath and sanitization of vehicles
ii)Operation-from chicks Grower-. Adults
iii)identifying clean and dirty sides of the farming
operation and always working from clean to dirty
•Used to prevent spread of disease within the farm/
or neighboring farms: Include,
i)Foot bath and sanitization of vehicles
ii)Operation-from chicks Grower-. Adults
iii)identifying clean and dirty sides of the farming
operation and always working from clean to dirty
2. Bio-management
i)Vaccinations and treatments
ii)Housing system design and placement (10-20m
apart)
iii)Floor/dry litter
iv)Walls/windows-allow good ventilation
v)Roof-prevent rain water, good ventilation
Overall, the intent of biosecurity measures is to
ensure both exclusionand containmentof infectious
agents to prevent infection of clean flocks and
prevent spread of disease from infected premises.
i)Vaccinations and treatments
ii)Housing system design and placement (10-20m
apart)
iii)Floor/dry litter
iv)Walls/windows-allow good ventilation
v)Roof-prevent rain water, good ventilation
Overall, the intent of biosecurity measures is to
ensure both exclusionand containmentof infectious
agents to prevent infection of clean flocks and
prevent spread of disease from infected premises.
Record keeping
•This involves itemizing all activities
undertaken at the poultry farm, costs and
revenues
•Records enable the farmer to determine
financial viability of the farm
•Records kept should be simple and should
be kept at all stages of production
134
•This involves itemizing all activities
undertaken at the poultry farm, costs and
revenues
•Records enable the farmer to determine
financial viability of the farm
•Records kept should be simple and should
be kept at all stages of production
134
Types of records
•Financial: includes all expenses and costs
•Inventory: detailed list of all items or properties
of the farm, taken before and after every batch
•Production(meat and eggs)
•Hatchability/fertility
135
•Financial: includes all expenses and costs
•Inventory: detailed list of all items or properties
of the farm, taken before and after every batch
•Production(meat and eggs)
•Hatchability/fertility
135
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