Poverty and Social Security Measures 4 Mar.pptx

easy to understand foe undergraduate medical students. poverty line, Social Security measures for organised and un organised sector. specially enhanced with QR code to learn more about it in depth. important question for MBBS and PGs Community Medicine for theory exam and general awareness in viva voce.

1. Sociology: Poverty and Social Security Measures (CM2.5) Dr. Neha Upadhyai Prof, Community Medicine

2. POVERTY Poverty is defined as the state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources essentials for a basic standard of living. 

3. POVERTY encompasses….

4. Evolution of poverty line in India

5. POVERTY LINE Poverty line is a benchmark or specified minimum income /expenditure used by the Government of India, required to purchase a basket of goods and services like food, clothes, safe water, shelter, education, health, transport and electricity to satisfy basic human needs. ( Rangarajan Committee) This threshold is determined by various parameters. The families whose income is below this threshold are called Below Poverty Line families (BPL).

6. Poverty Line Contd.… World Bank has kept the threshold of poverty as 1.9 US Dollar (i.e. approximately Rs 135 per head per day.   In India: Urban Areas: The poverty line is set at ₹47 per day per person. Rural Areas: The poverty line is set at ₹32 per day per person.

7. Poverty Line Contd …… 25.7% living in rural India is below poverty line, whereas in urban area it is 13.7% BPL families with BPL(yellow) ration card, receive food grains per family per month at 50% of the economic cost. The poverty head count in India is estimated to have declined by 12.3% points since 2011 (World Bank Report, April 2022)

8. SOCIAL SECURITY

9. Background of Social Security Since ages Indian society was predominantly structured on “ Joint Family System ” There was a sense of shared responsibility within the family and relatives. Family has resources to draw upon in times of need, special care of old age. However with increasing migration, urbanization and demographic changes there has been a decrease in large family units. This is where the formal system of social security gains importance 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 9

10. Need for Social Security Long term sustenance for the family where the earning member suffers a disability retires or dies. To help people plan their future through insurance To prevent deprivation of the dependents by assuring minimum income during crisis and also by providing health care.

11. Total Composition of Workforce In India, 90% of workforce is in unorganised sector and rest 10 % in organised sector 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 11

12. Organized Sector Workers Have sufficient and reliable access to social security. Have secure jobs and price adjusted salaries. Protected under the law against loss/stoppage in income on account of Illness, Disability, Maternity, Old Age and Death 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 12

13. Unorganized Sector Workers Work force is scattered Impoverished ( a large number of them are living BPL) Low literacy level Generally Migrant in Nature Dispersed all over the country Low Job security Low awareness of welfare measures Seasonality of employment 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 13

14. Why do we need Social Security? 14 3/4/2025 12:56 PM

15. Types of Social Security 1. Social Assistance 2. Social Insurance Social Assistance Is a method to provide benefit to the persons usually for the vulnerable group of the community (children, old age, mothers, disabled etc) from general revenue of the state, It is non- contributary. Examples: National Maternity Benefit Scheme, National Old age Pension Scheme

16. Social Insurance A method to provide benefit to the person that is contributary from the beneficiary with, Contribution / subsidy from the employer and state e.g. ESI, Contributary provident fund scheme, LIC Scheme

17. Social Security and The Constitution of India 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 17

18. Social Security and The Constitution of India 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 18

19. Social Security and The Constitution of India contd… 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 19

20. Social S ecurity Laws Laws towards occupational health and Safety: Employees’ State Insurance Act (ESI),1948, amended 2010 Factories Act (1948) Mines Act (1952) Unorganized Worker’s Social Security Act 2008

21. Social Security Laws Laws directed towards monetary assistance : Em ployees ’ Provident Fund(EPF) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, amended 2014 Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Workmen’s Compensation Act,1923 Employee’s compensation Act, 2017 Minimum wages Act, 1948

22. Social Security Laws Laws directed towards women, mothers, and children: Maternity Benefit Act, 196, amended 2017 Child Labour Prohibition Act 1986 Sexual Harassment at Workplace (Prohibition, Pevention , and Redressal Act), 2013

23. Social security for civil servants The employees of the Central and State Government have: Pension, Gratuity, Provident Fund Family Pension Schemes. Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS)

24. Social security for general Public The risks of death, accident, and fire are covered by the Insurance schemes. The Life Insurance Corporation of India has many schemes for the general public. There are also public provident fund (PPF) schemes.

25. Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 Provides for health care and cash benefit payments in the case of sickness, maternity and employment injury not only to the employee but also to their dependents The Act is applicable to non-seasonal factories employing 10 or more persons. The Act, the Scheme has been extended to shops, hotels, restaurants, cinemas including preview theatres, road-motor transport undertakings and newspaper establishments employing 10 or more persons. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 25

26. Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 The Act, the Scheme has been extended to Private Medical and Educational institutions employing 20 or more persons in certain States/UTs. Covers employees whose wages do not exceeds Rs. 21,000 per month ( wef 01.01.2017) ESI Contribution Rates: Employees: 1.75% of wages Employers: 4.75% of wages State Government: 1/8 th share of expenditure on medical care Employees getting wage below Rs 137 are exempted from payment of contribution. However employers will contribute their share in respect of these employees. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 26

27. ESI Benefits https://www.esic.gov.in/information-benefits

28. 28 3/4/2025 12:56 PM

29. CGHS (started in 1954 at New Delhi) The “Central Government Health Scheme” (CGHS) provides comprehensive health care facilities for the Central Govt. employees, pensioners and their dependents residing in CGHS covered cities. The medical facilities are provided through Wellness Centres(previously referred to as CGHS Dispensaries/polyclinics) under Allopathic, Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Sidha and Homeopathic systems of medicines. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 29

30. Beneficiaries All Central Govt. Servants paid from Civil Estimates (other than those employed in Railway Services and those employed under Delhi Administration except members of Delhi Police Force). Pensioners drawing pension from Civil Estimates and their family members (Pensioner residing in non- CGHS areas also may obtain CGHS Card from nearest CGHS covered City) Hon'ble Members of Parliament 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 30

31. Beneficiaries contd …. Hon'ble Judges of Supreme Court of India Ex- Members of Parliament Employees & Pensioners of Autonomous Bodies covered under CGHS (Delhi) Ex- Governors and Ex-Vice Presidents Former Prime Ministers Former Judges of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India and Hon'ble High Courts Freedom Fighters

32. Main Components of CGHS Scheme The dispensary services including domiciliary care. F. W. & M.C.H. Services Specialists consultation facilities both at dispensary, polyclinic and hospital level including X-Ray, ECG and Laboratory Examinations. Hospitalization. Organization for the purchase, storage, distribution and supply of medicines and other requirements. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 32

33. Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 Provides for payment of compulsory gratuity to employees at the time of termination of service either: On Superannuation On retirement or resignation On death or disablement due to accident or disease It provides 15 days wages for each year of service to employees who have worked for five years or more in establishments having a minimum of 10 workers. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 33

34. Maternity Benefit Act 1961 Enacted to promote the welfare of working women. Prohibits the working of pregnant women for a specified period before and after delivery. Provides for maternity leave and payment of certain monetary benefits for women workers subject to fulfilment of certain conditions during the period when they are out of employment on account of their pregnancy. It provides for 12 weeks wages during maternity as well as paid leave in certain other related contingencies. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 34

35. Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923 It requires payment of compensation to the workman or his family in cases of employment related injuries resulting in death or disability. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 35

36. New Pension Scheme (NPS) NPS is a voluntary defined contribution pension system in India. NPS is managed, regulated and reviewed by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. All resident and non resident Indian citizen between the age of 18 and 60 years are eligible to join NPS; Foreign national employees cannot participate in the NPS.

37. Social Security for Unorganized Sector Centrally Funded Social Assistance Programs (Public Distribution Program) Social Insurance Scheme (LIC and GIC) Social Assistance through welfare funds of Central and State Gov. Public Initiatives (SHGs, Micro Finance, NGOs etc.) 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 37

38. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 Aim at curbing unemployment or unproductive employment in rural areas. Focuses on enhancing livelihood security to rural people, as it guarantees productive wage employment for at least 100 days in a year. 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 38

39. Unorganized Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008: Schedule (I) 39 Social Security Scheme for Unorganized Sector 1. Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme. 2 National Family Benefit Scheme. 3 Janani Suraksha Yojana . 4 Handloom Weavers’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme. 5 Handicraft Artisans’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme 6 Pension to Master craft persons 7 National Scheme for Welfare of Fishermen and Training and Extension. 8 Janshree Bima Yojana . 9 Aam Admi Bima Yojana . 10 Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana 3/4/2025 12:56 PM

40. Workers in the Unorganized sector in India https://eshram.gov.in/social-security-welfare-schemes 3/4/2025 12:56 PM 40

41. Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana (PM-SYM) (Old Age Protection) National Pension Scheme for Traders and The Self-employed Persons (NPS) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana (PMJJBY) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) Atal Pension Yojana PDS Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)

42. Ayushman Bharat Yojana (PM-JAY) National Health Protection Scheme Launched in 2018 Step to provide social security to the poor. Based on the background of NSSO finding that 82% urban and 86% rural households have no access to health care insurance/ assurance. Two major elements: Cashless treatment to the beneficiaries. Health and wellness centres to provide expanded health care to the patients.

43. Benefits Cover of 5 lakhs per BPL family per year for secondary and tertiary health care services. 100% cashless benefit from any public or empaneled private hospitals. Pre and post hospitalization expense benefits(3 and 15 days respectively) Free follow-up care Newborn or children benefits Every empanelled hospital will have Ayushman Mitra to guide patients about the process and will coordinate with the hospital so that patient and family both get help.

44. Lets do some MCQs 1. Poverty is best defined as: a) The state of being unemployed. b) Lacking the financial resources for a basic standard of living. c) Having less income than the average person in a society. d) A condition of social isolation. Ans b

45. 2. In India, as per the information provided, the poverty line in urban areas is set at approximately: a) ₹32 per day per person. b) ₹47 per day per person. c) ₹135 per day per person. d) ₹100 per day per person. Ans b

46. 3. Which of the following is an example of Social Assistance? a) Employees' State Insurance (ESI) b) Contributory Provident Fund Scheme c) National Old Age Pension Scheme d) Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) Scheme Ans c

47. 4. The Employees' State Insurance Act (ESI) of 1948 provides: a) Only health care benefits to employees. b) Cash benefits only in case of retirement. c) Health care and cash benefits for sickness, maternity, and employment injury. d) Pension benefits to organized sector workers. Ans c

48. 5. The Payment of Gratuity Act of 1972 provides for compulsory gratuity to employees who have worked for how many years or more in establishments having a minimum of 10 workers? a) 2 years b) 3 years c) 5 years d) 10 years Ans c

49. 6. Which of the following is a feature of Ayushman Bharat Yojana (PM-JAY)? a) It provides health insurance only in public hospitals. b) It offers cashless treatment at empaneled hospitals. c) It is exclusively for urban households. d) It only covers primary healthcare services. Ans b

50. 7. Which of the following is NOT a beneficiary of the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS)? a) Central Government Servants b) Pensioners drawing pension from Civil Estimates c) Employees of Railway Services d) Hon'ble Members of Parliament Ans c

51. 8. What is the primary aim of The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005? a) Provide free housing to rural families. b) Ensure access to healthcare for all rural citizens. c) Guarantee 100 days of wage employment to rural households. d) Promote education among rural children. Ans c

52. 9. Ayushman Bharat Yojana (PM-JAY) provides a cover of how much per BPL family per year for secondary and tertiary healthcare services? a) 1 lakh b) 2 lakhs c) 3 lakhs d) 5 lakhs Ans d

53. 10.Under the ESI Act, what is the employee's contribution to wages? a) 4.75% b) 1/8th share of expenditure on medical care c) 1.75% d) No contribution Ans c

54. Thank you